Misangano yeGeneva Inobatana neMushonga Wevasungwa Vehondo
IveGeneva Kokorodzano yakagadzirirwa kuchengetedza mauto akanga asiri kubatanidzwa mukurwa.
Izvi zvaisanganisira avo vanorwara uye vakakuvadzwa, chikepe chakakanganiswa nhengo dzezvombo zvegungwa pagungwa uye vasungwa vehondo , uye vamwe vanhu vanobatsira vasi.
Chii Chinonzi Gungano reGeneva?
Iko Gungano iri chaizvoizvo zvikamu zvezvibvumirano nezvibvumirano. Yakachengetwa kuGeneva, magungano e1949 nemitemo miviri yakawedzerwa muna 1977 inoumba hwaro hwemitemo yevanhu vemarudzi ose munguva dzehondo. Zvisungo zviviri zveGeneva Conventions muna 1951 uye 1967 zvakachengetedza vapoteri.
Makore 1949 eGeneva Kokorodzano akatevera vamwe vatatu vakaitika muna 1864, 1906, uye muna 1929. Kokorodzano dze1949 dzakavandudza maitiro, mitemo, uye zvibvumirano zvakasvika mumagungano matatu ekutanga.
Iko kwaive chaizvo Kokorodzano ina muna 1949, uye yekutanga yakapa rondedzero yechina kune yepakutanga shanduro yesungano. Izvo zvakaratidza kuchengetedza kune kwete chete avo vanorwara uye vakakuvadzwa asi kuvafundisi nevechiremba pamwe chete.
Yechipiri 1949 Gungano reGenesva rakapa kudzivirirwa kuvarwi vaishanda mugungwa munguva yehondo, kusanganisira izvo zvakavharirwa zvikepe zvezvipatara.
Yakagadzirisa zviyamuro zvakawanikwa muHague Convention ye 1906.
Yechitatu 1949 Kokorodzano yakashandiswa kune vasungwa vehondo uye yakatsiva 1929 Prisoners of War Convention. Zvinonyanya kukosha, inogadzirisa mazita ezvimbo dzezvimbo dzekutapwa uye mitemo inofanira kuchengetwa ipapo.
Gungano rechina rakawedzera kuponesa vanhu vese, kusanganisira avo vari munharaunda.
Pakazara, 196 "inoti mapato" kana nyika dzakasayina uye dzichibvumirana neMagungano e1949 pamusoro pemakore, kusanganisira mazhinji asina kubatanidzwa kana kupindira kusvikira makumi emakore gare gare. Izvi zvinosanganisira Angola, Bangladesh, uye Iran.
Kurapa Kwevasungwa Vehondo (Chitsauko 60)
Chimwe chikamu 60 cheGungano reGeneva ndechimwe chezvinyorwa zvinonyatsozivikanwa, uye zvinoreva kubhadhara vasungwa vehondo . Inowanikwa muchikamu:
"Simba Rinozvigadzirisa richapa vasungwa vose varwi mwedzi wose kubhadharwa kwekubhadhara, chiyero chacho chichagadziriswa nekutendeuka, muchikwereti cheMasimba ayo, chezviyero zvinotevera:
Chikamu I: Vasungwa vanoisa pasi pasi sergeant: masere Swiss francs.
Chikamu II: Sergeants nedzimwe vakuru vasina kutumirwa, kana vasungwa vanofananidzwa: gumi nemaviri Swiss francs.
Chikamu III: Warrant mahofisi nevakuru vakuru vanotungamirirwa pasi pehukuru hwevasungwa kana vasungwa vanofananidzwa: makumi mashanu Swiss francs.
Chikamu IV: Majors, lieutenant-colonels, colonels kana vasungwa vane chikwata chakafanana: makumi matanhatu Swiss francs.
Chikamu V: General mahofisi kana vasungwa vehuwandu hwepamusoro: makumi manomwe nemashanu Swiss francs.
Zvisinei, Mapato emakakatanwa anokanganisa angave nechibvumirano chakanaka chinoshandura huwandu hwekufambira mberi kwebhadhara nekuda kwevasungwa vezvikamu zvakapfuura.
Uyezve, kana zviyero zvinoratidzwa mundima yekutanga iri pamusoro ingave zvisina kukodzera kumusoro kana zvichienzaniswa nemubhadharo weMasimba ekudzivirira Masimba kana kuti, nokuda kwechikonzero chipi nechipi, kunyadzisa Simba Rokuchengetedza, ipapo, richimirira kuguma kwechibvumirano chakanaka neHasimba pane izvo vasungwa vanogona kusiyanisa zviyero zvinoratidzwa pamusoro apa, Simba Rinovhara:
(a) Acharamba achikudza zviitiko zvevasungwa nemari inoratidzwa mundima yokutanga iri pamusoro;
(b) Mayi inogadzirisa mukana wezvipo zvinowanikwa kubva kune iri kufambira mberi kwekubhadhara kune vasungwa vehondo nekuda kwekushandisa kwavo, kune zvikwereti izvo zvinonzwisisika, asi izvo, nokuda kweChikato I, hazvizombovi zvakaderera kusvika pachiyero icho Simba Rinovharira rinopa iyo nhengo dzaro mauto ehondo.
Zvikonzero zvekukanganisa chero kupi zvingapiwa pasina kunonoka kuMasimba Okudzivirira. "
Iko Geneva Kokorodzano Ichiri Kuteverwa Nhasi?
Kunyange zvazvo zvibvumirano zvakaiswa neGenvava Conventions zvichiri kushanda nhasi, imwe hurukuro yakaitika mumakore achangopfuura pamusoro pekuvandudza zvakare. Mubvunzo unotyisa zvikuru ndewekuti kodzero dzevanhu dzinoshandiswa neGenva Conventions dzevasungwa vehondo dzinofanira kunge dzichitaura nemagandanga kana kuti vanofungidzirwa magandanga.
Vatungamiri venyika vakabvunza kana aya mitemo, yakanyorwa mushure meHondo Yenyika II uye yakashandurwa mushure meHondo yeVietnam, inoshanda kumakakatanwa ezuva ranhasi, kunyanya pashure pezviitiko zveSeptember 11, 2001. Kana zvakadaro, vanogona sei kusimbiswa zvakanyanya? Vanofanira kuongororwa kuti vagadzirise zvitsva zvitsva, zvakadai sezviito zvehugandanga here?
Nyaya yaHamdi v. Rumsfield yakaratidza pachena panyaya iyi muna 2004 apo Hamdi, mugari weUnited States, akapomerwa mhosva yekubatana nemauto eTaliban muvhu reU.S.
Nokudaro, izvi zvakaita kuti ave muvengi weuto uye akamuisa kunze kwekuchengetedzwa kweGeneva Conventions. Dare Repamusorosoro reUnited States rakatonga zvakasiyana, richigadzirisa chisarudzo pamusoro pechisarudzo chisangano chakanga chave chiripo kubvira muna 2001 achibvumira mutungamiri kushandisa masimba ose anodiwa uye akakodzera kurwisana nenyika ipi zvayo yakabatanidzwa mukurwisa kwe11/11.
Uyezve, Kokorodzano dzinosungira zvose zvinopindirana muchibvumirano-kusanganisira Afghanistan-kupa zvibvumirano zvepasi rose uye kutsigira kwekudzivirira kwayo. Vanofanira kuvamanikidza pamunda wavo pachavo. Inoramba ichionekwa kana zvimwe zvinyorwa zvichange zvichisvika kuti zvigadzire nguva idzi dzinoshanduka.