Chinyorwa 111 UCM; Kudhakwa kana kushanda zvisina musoro kwemotokari, ndege, kana mudziyo
Text .
"Munhu chero upi zvaanoteerera chitsauko ichi uyo-
(1) inoshanda kana kutonga muviri chero ipi zvayo yemotokari, ndege, kana mudziyo nenzira isingaregi kana kuti inenge isina simba kana kuti isina kukwana nenzvimbo inotsanangurwa muchitsauko 912a (b) chechirevo ichi ( Ndima 112a (b)) , kana
(2) inoshanda kana iri kunyatsochengetedza muviri chero ipi zvayo yemotokari, ndege, kana mudziyo panguva iyo inodhakwa kana apo kuiswa kwewaini muropa romunhu kana kufema kwakaenzana kana kupfuura kudarika kunorambidzwa pasi pechikamu (b), sezvinoratidzwa nemakemikari , acharangwa sematare edzimhosva.
Chikamu b
(1) Nechinangwa chechikamu (a), chiyero chakakosha chekutsvaira doro muropa romunhu kana kufema ndeyotevera:
(A) Panyaya yekushanda kana kutonga kwemotokari, ndege, kana mudziyo muUnited States, nhamba ndiyo ropa rekudzivirira doro rinorambidzwa pasi pemutemo weHurumende umo maitiro akaitika, kunze kwekuti zvingave zvichipiwa ndima (b) (2) yekufambisa kwekuiswa kwechiuto kunenge kune imwe nyika, kana kunyorerwa doro rekutengesa doro rinotaurwa mundima (b) (3).
(B) Mukuda kwekushanda kana kutungamirirwa kwemotokari, ndege, kana mudziyo kunze kweUnited States, nhamba ndiyo ropa rekutswa kwewaini rinotaurwa mundima (b) (3) kana kuti yakadzika seyo Munyori weZvivho nemirairo inorondedzera.
(2) Panzvimbo yekuiswa kwechiuto iri mune imwe nyika, kana iyo nyika ine maitiro akasiyana-siyana ekutsanangurira ropa rayo rakarambidzwa doro pasi pemitemo yavo yehurumende, Munyori ane hanya nekugadzirisa angasarudza imwe yero yakadaro yekushandisa zvakafanana pakugadzirwa ikoko.
(3) Nokuda kwezvinangwa zvendima (b) (1), uwandu hwekumwa doro rinorambidzwa muropa remunhu 0.10 magamu kana huwandu hwezvinodhaka pamamiriyoni makumi maviri eropa uye nekuremekedza doro rekudhakwa mumhepo yomunhu pane 0.10 gmm kana huwandu hwezvinodhaka pamakiromita 210 emhepo, kufanana nekuratidzwa nemakemikari. "
(4) Muchikamu chino, izwi rokuti "United States" rinosanganisira District of Columbia, Commonwealth yePuerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Guam, neAmerica Samoa, uye izwi rokuti "State" rinosanganisira rimwe nerimwe remitemo iyo. "
Elements
(1) Kuti uyo anopomerwa akanga ari kushanda kana mukudzivirira muviri wemotokari, ndege, kana mudziyo; and
(2) Izvo izvo zvichishanda kana mukudzivirira muviri wemotokari, ndege, kana mudziyo, anopomerwa:
(a) akaita saizvozvo nenzira isina kunaka kana kuti kusava nehanya, kana
(b) akanga akadhakwa kana akaremara, kana
(c) doro rekumwa doro muropa rekupomerwa kana kufema, sezvakaratidzwa nemakemikari ekuongorora, akanga akaenzana kana kupfuura kupfuura iyo inoshanda inowanikwa mundima b pamusoro.
(3) Kuti uyo anopomerwa ndiye akaita kuti motokari, ndege, kana mudziyo zvikuvadze munhu.
Tsanangudzo
(1) Ngoro. Ona- 1 USC § 4.
(2) Chikepe. Ona -1 USC § 3.
(3) Ndege . Chero mhando inoshandiswa kana yakagadzirirwa kutakura mumhepo.
(4) Inoshandisa . Kushandisa motokari, ndege, kana mudziyo hazvirevi kungotyaira kana kutungamirira motokari, ndege kana mudziyo kana ichifamba, zvichida mumunhu kana kuburikidza nesangano reumwe, asiwo kugadzirisa simba rayo rekuita muchiito kana kushandiswa kwayo kudzivirira kuitira kuti motokari, ndege kana mudziyo uende.
(5) Kudzora muviri nekugadzirisa muviri . Aya mazwi anoshandiswa mumutemo anonyanya kufanana. Vanotsanangura ikozvino kukwanisa uye simba rokutonga, kutungamirira kana kutonga motokari, mudziyo, kana ndege, zviri mumunhu kana kuburikidza nesangano reumwe, pasinei nokuti motokari, ndege, kana mudziyo unoshandiswa. Semuenzaniso, munhu akadhakwa akagara ari shure kwechitsigira che motokari ane kiyi yemotokari iri kana kuti pedyo nekupisa asi iyo injini isati yakashandurwa inogona kuonekwa mukurairika kwemuviri kweyo motokari.
Zvisinei, munhu akarara pachigaro chekupedzisira ane kiyi muhomwe yake haazoonekwa sekutonga kwemuviri. Kudzora muviri kunobatanidza kushanda.
(6) Anodhakwa kana akaremara . "Kunwa" uye "kusaremara" zvinoreva kureva kudhakwa kunokonzera kukanganisa kushingaira uye kushandiswa zvakakwana kwepfungwa kana muviri. Izwi rinodhakwa rinoshandiswa mukureva kudhakwa nedoro. Izwi risina kusimba rinoshandiswa pakureva kudhakwa nezvinhu zvinorondedzerwa mu - Ndima 112 (a) , Yakasiyana-siyana yeHurumende yeJudhiya.
(7) isina kukwana . Kuvhima kana kutonga kwemotokari, mudziyo, kana ndege "hazvirevi" pazvinoratidza kuregererwa kwekutadza kwezviitiko zvakatarisika kune vamwe kubva pachiito kana kusakanganiswa kunobatanidzwa. Kusagadzikana hakusi kungotarirwa chete nekuda kwekuitika kwekukuvadzwa, kana kupindira kwekodzero dzeumwe, kana nehupupuriro bedzi yehuwandu hwekukurumidza kana kushanda kusinganzwisisi, asi zvinhu izvi zvose zvinogona kugamuchirwa uye zvakakosha sekutakura pamubvunzo wekupedzisira: zvisinei, pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu ose, nzira yekupomerwa kweanopomerwa kana kudzora muviri wemotokari, mudziyo, kana ndege yaive iyo yekusateerera isiri iyo yakaita kuti zvive nyore kana kuti zvingangoerekana zvine ngozi kuvanhu vanogara, kana kune kodzero kana kuchengeteka kwevamwe. Iri kushanda kana mumuviri kutarisa motokari, mudziyo, kana ndege inenge yakakwirira kwazvo yekusateerera kuti kana rufu rwukonzerwa, uyo akapomerwa angadai akaita mhondi yokuzviuraya, zvichida. Maitiro emamiriro ezvinhu umo motokari, mudziyo, kana ndege inoshandiswa kana kuti inotungamirirwa, nguva yemasikati kana usiku, kuswedera uye nhamba yemamwe motokari, midziyo, kana ndege uye mamiriro emotokari, mudziyo, kana ndege, kazhinji nyaya dzekukosha mukuratidza kwechigumbuso chinopomerwa pasi pechinyorwa chino uye, apo ivo vanokosha, zvinogona kutongwa zvakakodzera.
(8) Wanton . "Wanton" inosanganisira "kusava nehanya", asi mukutsanangura kushanda kana kutonga muviri wemotokari, mudziyo, kana "chido" chengarava, nenzira yakakodzera, inotaura nezvekuda, kana kusakanganiswa nemigumisiro inogoneka, uye naizvozvo rinotsanangura zvakanyanya kuwedzera offense.
(9) Causation . Kutya kunodhakwa kana kudengenyeka kunofanirwa kunge kunokonzera kukanganisa kweanopomerwa kuva nemhosva yekudhakwa kunodhakwa kana kusina maturo kunokonzerwa nekukuvara. Kuti ive pedyo, zviito zvemupomerwa hazvidi kuti zvive izvo zvinokonzera kukuvadzwa, uyewo hazvifaniri kunge zviri izvo zvinokonzera kukanganisa, kureva, ikozvino munguva uye nzvimbo inotangira kukuvara. Chikonzero chinokonzera chinonzi chinoswedera pedyo chete kana chichiita basa remuviri mukukuvadzwa kwevakuvadzwa.
(10) Kusiyanisa zvitadzo . Kunyange zvazvo iyo imwe nzira yekufambisa inogona kuita kupesana kwezvikamu zviviri (1) uye (2) yeChinyorwa, somuenzaniso, zvose zvinodhakwa uye zvisina kukwana kushanda kana kutonga kwepanyama, nyaya ino inotsanangura mufambiro unotsanangurwa mune zvikamu zviviri zvikamu zvakasiyana nemhosva, zvingave akatengesa oga. Zvisinei, sekusava nechokuita chinhu chine ukama, uchapupu hwemamiriro ese akaipoteredza akaita kuti kushanda kuve nengozi, ingave inonzi kana kuti kwete, inogona kugamuchirwa. Nokudaro, pamutoro wekutyaira kusina maturo, somuenzaniso, uchapupu hwekudhakwa hunogona kubvumidzwa sekusimbisa chimwe chinhu chekusava nehanya, uye uchapupu hwokuti motokari yakapfuura nguva yakachengeteka, panguva yakakodzera yakakodzera uye nguva, inogona kubvumirwa sekusimbisa mamwe uchapupu hwekusava nehanya kwakapomerwa. Saizvozvowo, pamutoro wekutyaira kunodhakwa, uchapupu hunobatsira hwekusava nehanya hunogona kuva nehuwandu hunokosha sekusimbisa humwe uchapupu hwekudhakwa.
Zviduku zvinosanganisira kukanganisa
(1) Kusarudzwa kana kushandiswa kana kusakanganiswa kana kushanda muviri. Chisungo chegumi nematatu-kutadza kwakanaka kwemudziyo.
(2) Kudhakwa kwechirwere chemotokari, mudziyo, kana ndege panguva yekudhakwa kana neropa kana kupfurikidza kufungidzirwa kwewaini mukuputsa kwezvinorondedzerwa pane imwechete.
(a) Chitsauko 110-kukanganisa kwakashata kwemudziyo
(b) Chinyorwa 112-chinhu chisina basa
(c) Chitsauko 134- chinyorwa pachigaro
Maximum chirango
(1) Kuwana mukukuvara kwako . Kusunungurwa kusinganzwisisiki, kukanganiswa kwebhadharo yese uye zvipo, nekuvharirwa kwemwedzi gumi nemana.
(2) Hapana kukuvara kunobatanidzwa . Kuipa kwemitambo yekudzikisa, kukanganiswa kwebhadharo yese uye zvipo, nekuvharirwa kwemwedzi 6.
Pamusoro peNhoroondo kubva kuBhuku reDare reMartial, 2002, Chitsauko 4, Ndima 35