Verenga Nezve Inventor yePrincess Press
Kuwanikwa kweBhuku
Pasinei netsika yeGitenberg yechirsika semuongorori wemabhuku ekugadzirwa kwemazuva ano - Magazini inonzi Time yakamutumidza kuti "Munhu weMireniyamu" muna 1999-zvishomanana inozivikanwa pamusoro pemashoko ehupenyu hwake.
Upenyu hwaGuenberg
Johann Gutenberg akaberekerwa mumhuri yepamusoro-soro yevashandi vegoridhe muGermany, kune makore 1395. Zvizhinji zvezvimwe zvatinoziva nezvehupenyu hwaGuenenberg ndezvemagwaro epamutemo panguva yake. Somuenzaniso, akavimbisa kuroora mumwe munhu asi haana kuita, uye akamutora kumatare; uye akanga ane chikwereti kubva kune izvo zvaiita se-kuwana-pfuma-purogiramu yekukurumidza inosanganisira kutengesa mabheji kune vanamati vechitendero.
Tidbits yemashoko kubva kune aya nemamwe magwaro epamutemo uye zvakanyanya nyanzvi yekutsvakurudza zvinoratidza kuti Gutenberg aiva murume aida kwazvo kutsvaga mupfungwa yekugadzirwa kwemazana emapepa akadhindwa, muumbi wevakakwereta mari kuti aone basa rake kusvika pakupera-uye mumwe akavanzika zvikuru pamusoro pemafungiro ake pavakanga vari mukuvandudzika.
Mumwe munhu akakwereta Gutenberg mari yakawanda aiva Johann Fust. Fust akazopedzisira ashuva kuti adzorere mari yake uye chibereko chakawedzerwa uye ichiita sokuti yakatora mutsara wepakutanga, wakanga wakagadzirirwa sechisimbiso.
Gutenberg akapfuurira basa rake rekudhinda uye rinoratidzika kunge rakaramba richichinja nzira dzokudhinda kuitira kuti zviwedzere kugadzirisa. Pakupera kwehupenyu hwake, akapiwa mvumo kubva kuna Archbishop weMaintz kuti ave nezvokudya uye zvokupfeka, zvichiratidza kuti akararama mazuva ake mukunyaradza.
Zvinyorwa zveGuitenberg
Vamwe vanofunga kuti Gutenberg akashandisa nzira dzekugadzira simbi mubhizimisi rekugadzira goridhe rakamupa unyanzvi hunodiwa kuti akwanise kuumba munhu, tsamba dzinodzokorora dzakagadzirwa musimbi-"iyo inofamba" -kuisa mapeji.
Kunyange zvazvo chiChinese chakagadzira fomu yezvinyorwa zvinenge zvishanu mazana emakore zvisati zvaitika uye yakaramba ichivandudza nzira dzayo, zvigadziriswa zvemaitauro, chitendero, tsika, uye zvinhu zvakachengetedza teknolojia kubva mukushandiswa kwakapararira.
Chero chipi nechipi chakafuridzirwa na Gutenberg kumashiripiti ake okudhinda, aifanira kunge akashanda zvakaoma zvikuru mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana-izvo zvatinoziva iye zvino semakemikari uye unyanzvi hwokugadzira-kuunza mhizha yekudhinda kuti ishandise kushandiswa.
Mhando yake yesimbi yakashandura kuumbwa kwezvinhu zvitsva, mafuta-based inks zvaizoramba zvakanamatira. Izvo zvaidawo kuti kusikwa kwechigadziri chinogona kutumisa- "chengetedza" -inki inowanikwa pamapeji. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti Gutenberg akashandisa peji yekunyora kuti abudise mabhuku ake. Zvimwe zviyero zvakange zviri panguva yaishandiswa kuita mapepa uye kusvinira mazambiringa nokuda kwewaini.
Kuvandudzika kwekugadzira pepa kwakaunza mari pasi uye kwakaita kuti pepa ive chinhu chinogadzirisa mabhuku, kupfuura mari kupfuura vellum.
MaBhaibheri a Gutenberg
MaBhaibheri eG Gutenberg, anobva kuma1450, anonzi ndiwo mabhuku ekutanga akabudiswa munyika yeWestern uye, kunyange zvazvo asingatakuri zita re printer chero kupi zvako mumabhuku, anonzi Gutenberg anotanga kushandura mabhuku.
Mamwe maawa aya ari munharaunda yeMorgan Library uye Museum muNew York City uye inogara ichiratidzwa.
Legacy of Gutenberg
Asati yatanga kushandiswa kwemichina yekudhinda, mabhuku aivapo mumutauro we codex ; ndiko kuti, mabhuku akanga akanyorwa-ruoko uye Bhaibheri raizotora makore maviri kuti aite. Vazhinji vevanhu vose vangadai vakaona bhuku-iro Bhaibheri-chete muchechi, uye vose kunze kwevapfumi uye vakadzidza vangangodaro vaifamba kuti vaone rumwe rwemashoko ekare akadai saHomer's Illiad .
Sezvo bhuku rokudhinda-kudhinda rakasimbiswa sebhizimisi, bhuku rekutanga rekutengeserana kwebhuku rakasimbiswa muFrankfurt, Germany, kure nekubva kwaG Gutenberg akadhinda Bhaibheri rake rekutanga. Kubudirira kwekushandisa shanduro inodhindwa uye kushandiswa kwekudhinda mabhuku kwakakurumidza kugadzira nzira yekugadzirwa kwemabhuku akawanda nezvimwe zvinhu zvekuverenga, kusanganisira mabhidhiyo akadhindwa anozivisa mabhuku aya okutanga-bhuku rokutanga rokudhinda !
Printed information yakabatwa nokukurumidza senzira yekukurukurirana. Kwenguva yokutanga munhoroondo, pfungwa dzaive dzakanyatsoiswa mumaoko evanhu vose nenzira yeshoko rakadhindwa, uye kushambadzira mabhuku kwakagonesa ruzivo, pfungwa uye tsika kuti zviparidzire pachidimbu nokukurumidza kupfuura kare.
Verenga zvakawanda nezvemaapiyona mubhuku rebhuku, Barnes & Noble's Len Riggio naJeff Bezos uye Amazon.com .