Uyai muone zvinotaurwa neUnited States nezvehutano hwehutano
Muhurukuro yehurukuro yehurukuro, hurukuro mitatu yakaratidza kuti pakanga pane kuchinja kwakakosha mumabasa echikadzi kubva muna 1968 kusvika kuma1980, asi kubvira panguva iyoyo vakadzi vakaona zvishoma zvishoma mumusika wevashandi, masangano ekutungamirira uye kubhadhara chikwereti. Muna 2012, CCF yakarondedzera kuti kufambisa mberi kwakashandura zvishoma, maererano naDavid A. Cotter, purofesa uye sachigaro wezvematongerwo enyika paUnited College; Joan M. Hermsen, purofesa wehukama wezvemagariro evanhu paYunivhesiti yeMissouri; uye Reeve Vanneman, purofesa wemagariro eYunivhesiti yeMadganic. Izvi zvakawanikwa apo nhamba idzi dzakapinda mumhinduro dzakanyorwa dzakabva ku 2000-2010.
"Hatisingazivi kuti pachava nekufambira mberi mutsva munguva yemberi iri pedyo, asi panguva ino zviri pachena kuti kunyange zvazvo kuchinja kwechikadzi hakuna kuchinjwa, kwakasimbiswa pazvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana-uye kune imwe nzira yakareba yekuenda, "vakanyora kudaro.
Zvadaro makore maviri gare gare muna 2014 uye zvakare 2015 vaporofesa vakawana kuti kutanga muna 2006 kutsigirwa kwehutano hwechikadzi hwakatanga kusimuka.
Mushumo wavo wegore ra2014 wakati,
"Kunyange zvazvo kutsigirwa kwakanyanya kwehutano kunowanika pakati pezviuru zvemakore, varume nevakadzi vemazera ose, vakasununguka pamwe chete nevanochengetedza, vakagadziriswa kubva kumadipsi kubva kuma1900 kusvika kumavambo a2000. Kutaura zvazviri, vanochengeteka vakaratidza kuwedzera kukuru kutsigirwa kwehutano hwakakwana pane hurumende, kunyange zvazvo rubatsiro rwavo rwehutano huri pasi. "
Kushanda Amai Vanogamuchirwa Zvino Kupfuura Nakare
Chimwe chivara chakajeka mumapepa ehurukuro yechirongwa chinoenderana nekugamuchirwa kwevanaamai vanoshanda. Kune chero amai vari kushanda avo vakatsungirira mazano asina kunaka pamusoro pokusiya vana vavo kana kuedza kurongedza basa neimba, verenga.
Vanyori vatatu vakataura kuti General Society Survey inobvunza pamusoro pemigumisiro yaamai vanoshanda nevana vakawana rubatsiro ruchiwedzera rwevakadzi vanoshanda kuburikidza nemakore ekuma1970 kusvika 1980, asi vakazoona kuderera kwema1991. "Muna 1977, vanopfuura hafu yevakabvunzwa vaifunga kuti vanaamai vanoshanda vaikuvadza vana.Paka 1994 iyo yezana yainge yasvika kusvika makumi matatu kubva muzana, asi pakazosvika 2000 yakange yasvika kusvika 38 muzana," vakanyora kudaro.
"Zvisinei, munyaya iyi, pakanga pane kuwedzera kwemazana emakore ekutanga ezana remakore rechi21, nekubvumirwa nevakadzi vanoshanda vanoenda kune hutsva hwepamusoro.Paka 2010, 72 muzana veAmerica vakabvuma kuti 'amai vanoshanda vanogona kugadzirisa zvakasununguka uye zvakachengeteka ukama nevana vake seamai vasingashandisi, 'uye 65 muzana vakataura kuti vasati vaduku vana vakanga vasingatarisiri kutambura kana mai vavo vakashanda kunze kwemusha.
Kudzoka muna 1977, vaAmerica vakabvunzwa kana, 'Izvo [zvaive] zviri nani kune vose vanobatanidzwa kana murume [ari] aripo kunze kwemusha uye mukadzi wacho [akatarisira] mumba nemhuri ,' 66 muzana yeAmerica vakabvumirana uye 34% chete havana kubvumirana.
"Mazana aya akadzoswa muna 1994, ane 34% chete vanobvumirana kuti tsika dzakadaro dzepabonde dzaive nani uye 66 muzana havabvumi," vakanyora vakanyora. Zvadaro mugore ra2000, chiyero chaisabvumirana chakawira makumi matanhatu kubva muzana, chakasimwa kusvika 64 kubva muzana muna 2010, asi, uye pano ndiwo mashoko akanaka, mhinduro yakapinda nguva yose yakakwirira ye 68 muzana muna 2012 {whoot !!}.
Pane Chikonzero chePay Gap
Nzira yepamusoro inotarisa mamwe mabasa akaenzana echikadzi. "Patinotarisa musiyano uripo pakati pe1950 uye nhasi, zvingaita sekuti tiri pakati pekugadzirisa kusingaperi uye kusingagadziriswi mumabasa ehutano nehukama," vakanyora vakanyora.
"Muna 1950, vakadzi vanopfuura 30 muzana vakashanda kunze kwemusha, uye mukadzi chaiye aishanda nguva yakazara gore rose akawana masentimita 59 chete emadhora ose akawanikwa nevarume.
"Kunyange zvazvo mubairo wepakati peawa wevakadzi wepakati makumi matatu nemakumi matatu nemasere ikozvino makumi mapfumbamwe nezana nezana zvevarume vavo vari varume, mukana wekubhadhara pakati pevarume nevakadzi vanopfuura 35-avo vanogona kunge vakaroorwa uye kuva nevana - inoramba iri huru."
Mushumo weChishanu wa2014, weChinojoo Cha, Ph.D., purofesa kuIndia University, inotaura chikonzero nei makambani ari kubhadhara avo vanoshanda maawa anopfuura makumi mashanu pavhiki. Kushanda zvakawanda mumutambo uyu kwakaoma kuvanaamai vanoshanda nokuti vanowanzova nemitoro yemhuri.
Chidzidzo chinoenderera mberi kutaura izvi, "kunyanya kushanda kunobhadhara 10 kubva muzana yepabheji yemari yevakadzi, kukanganisa kuenzanisa kwekuwana kwevakadzi vakadzi kuwana kubudirira kubva pakutanga kwema1990 . Imwe nzira yekutaura kwake, inonzi Coontz, ndeyokuti" Kana vachengeti vachienderera mberi kunyoresa vashandi vasina kuisa basa pamusoro pehupenyu hwemhuri, rubatsiro rwehuruzhinji rwekubatanidza basa nemhuri zvingadzoka zvakare. "
Tarisa Maitiro Ebonde muMusika Wemabasa
Tichitarisa zvakanyanya kune vashandi veAmerica, kusiyana kwebasa rezvechikadzi kunogona kuonekwa kana vakadzi nevarume vakasarudza kupinda mumusika wevashandi. Kubva kuma1960 kusvika kuma1980, vakadzi vakawanda vakapinda mubasa revanhu, nekubatanidzwa kunokwira kubva kubva mu44 muzana muna 1962 kusvika 74 muzana muna 1990. Asi zvino kufambira mberi kwakaderera muma 1990 uye kwakasimbiswa mugore ra2000, zvichikwira chete kusvika 78 muzana 2000 uye ichidzokera kumashure 76 kubva muna 2010.
Mumakore achangobva kupfuura, vakadzi havafambi mberi mberi zvakanyanya sezvo varume vari kuwira shure. "Kuchinja kwakanyanya kudarika pakati pevakadzi nevarume vanoita basa, saka, kwakaitika pakati pa1962 na1990, uye vazhinji vekushandura kwakanyanya pakati pevarume nevakadzi kubva muna 2000 hazvina kukonzerwa nekuenderera mberi kwepamusoro mukuita kwevakadzi kushanda asi kuenderera mberi kunonoka muhutano hwevarume vekushanda, iyo yakawa kubva 97 muzana muna 1962 kusvika 89 muzana muna 2010, "akanyora Cotter, Hermsen naVaneman.
Kuita zvebonde uye Mabasa Aunosarudza
Tichitarisa musiyano mumabasa anosarudzwa nevarume nevakadzi, vanyori vakawana kuvhara kwepakati muma1960, 70 uye 80. "Pano zvakare, kuchinja kwekuchinja kwakaderera zvikuru muma1990 uye vose asi vakamira munguva yakabva 2000-2010," vakanyora kudaro. Semuenzaniso, funga kuti girazi rakadonhwa mumakambani eMelika, unoona "pakati pemamenenja, kuimirirwa kwevakadzi kunowedzera neenenge imwechete peresenti gore negore mumakore ekuma1970 ne1980, asi nehuwandu hutatu huwandu huwandu hwemakore gumi ose ema1990 uye iviri chete mumakore gumi ekutanga ezana remakore rechi21. "
Paunotarisa kuchinja kwehutano mumabasa, huwandu hwekufambira mberi hwave huchiitwa mukati memabasa ekudzidzira. "Kushanda kwemaitiro emabasa kunenge kwakaparadzaniswa nhasi sezvavakange vari muna 1950 uye vakave vakawedzera zvakasiyana kubva muna 1990," vakadaro.
"Nzira yakafanana inogona kuonekwa mumasangano ekorogi makuru -kufambira mberi nokukurumidza muma1970 uye zvakare kunonoka pashure pemakore ekuma1980. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, vakadzi vakatoti varasikirwa kubva pakati pema1980," vakanyora vakanyora. Vakadzi vakawana 14 muzana chete yemakombiyuta uye ruzivo rwezvesayenzi muna 1970. Chikamu chevakadzi chakanga chawedzera kusvika katatu, kusvika 37 muzana muna 1985. "Asi mugore ra2008 vakadzi vaingova ne18 muzana chete yemadhora mumunda," vakadaro.
Mamwe mapepa anonzi CCF akaita akaita chinhu chimwe chete. Mugwagwa wekuenzana kwevechikadzi uchave kwenguva refu uye hausi kungoerekana waitika. Kune zvikonzero zvizhinji zvekufunga uye mitemo ichachinja zvishoma nezvishoma, uye zvitsva zvitsva zvinotsigira zvichange zvishoma nezvishoma kuchinja (kufanana nekuchengetwa kwevana vakawanda). Nhau dzakanaka ndeyokuti pane kuve kwakasimba uye kune tariro yokuti rimwe zuva kuenzana kwehutano kuchaitika.
Yakarongwa naElzabeth McGrory