Public Finance

Uyezve inonzi Imari yeMaspala

Sangano rezvemari (iro rinozivikanwawo semari yemaspala) rine tsanangudzo mbiri. Chokutanga ndechokugadzirisa zvemari kune hurumende nehurumende. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira maguta, maguta, matare uye nyika, uyewo masimba ehurumende anotarisira masangano akadai se (apo pavanenge vari mumusana wepfungwa mupfungwa yekutungamirirwa nehurumende panzvimbo yevadzidzisi vega), somuenzaniso:

• Chikoro chezvikoro

• Turnpikes nemimwe migwagwa inofambisa
• Mabhiriji uye tunnel
• Airports
• Nharaunda dzese dzekutakura, dzakadai sedare, bhazi, gwagwagwasi uye ferry miganhu
• Maitiro emvura eMaspala
• Sewer systems
• Matara uye pickup
• Inzvimbo dzine hurumende yehurumende
• Inzvimbo dzakasarudzwa dzine mashandare, maasnas, mabhecetracks nemitambo yemitambo
• Pakati uye nzvimbo dzekuzorora

Chechipiri ndiro bazi rekubhadhara mabhizimusi uye chekuchengetedzwa kwemashoko ekuchengetwa kwemashoko anonyanya kukoshesa mari kune hurumende nehurumende dzehurumende kuburikidza nekugadzirisa uye kutengesa nyaya dzehutano.

Governmental Financial Management

Chimwe chezvemari yehurumende inosanganisira kutonga kwemari nehurumende, masangano uye masimba anoshevedza vanhu vane unyanzvi, semuenzaniso:

• Vabvunzi
• Vatongi
• Vafumi
• Risk managers

Mukubhadhara mabasa ehurumende, vatariri vezvemari mukushandiswa kwemasangano ehurumende kazhinji vanofanira kushanda nevasarudzo vakasarudzwa kuti vagadzire mitemo nemirairo pamusoro pezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekubhadhara mari, zvikurukuru:

• Mitero
• Mari yevashandisi nemari inoshandiswa
• Mari
• Borrowing

Gamesmanship in Public Finance

Chimwe chekare, chinowanzozivikanwa nezvebhajheji maitiro mukati mehurumende yehurumende iko kushandiswa kweMonic Monument Ploy kuchengetedza musoro uye kugadzirisa paunenge uchiputsa hurumende inopikisa kuwedzera mumitero yemitero, mari yekushandisa uye / kana kurasikirwa.

paunenge uchipfekedza vanhu vanopesana nekuwedzera mumitero yemitero, mari yekushandisa uye / kana kurasikirwa.

Kubatanidzwa kweMaspala nekubatana

Munyika dzinoverengeka, kupararira kwezvikamu zvehurumende uye / kana zviduku zviduku pane imwe nhanhatu zvinowanzopiwa mhosva yekuwedzera nokukurumidza mari yehurumende inopfuura kudarika huwandu hwehuwandu hwekutengesa kwezvinhu nezvinhu zvekunze. Imwe nzira yakakurumbira yekugadzirisa mushonga ndeyekusimbisa kana kubatanidza mataundi maduku uye zvikoro zvekuchikoro, pakati pemamwe masangano ehurumende, kubvisa hukuru hwehutungamiri hwepamusoro uye nzvimbo isina chinhu yekuvaka, nokudaro kuderedza mari. Saizvozvowo, pane zvimwe zvinoshandiswa kune maguta maduku uye mamwe masimba asina kukwanisa kubuda kunze kana kugoverana mabasa, zvakadai semapepa emarara, kugadzirirwa mumugwagwa uye kushanda kwechando, kuparadzira mutengo mukuru wemotokari dzinodhura uye zvigadzirwa zvinowanzogara zvisina maturo. Uyezve, misha yakapoteredza inogona kutsvaga kugoverana mapurisa, moto uye kuponesa mabasa nenzira yakafanana yekuderedza kuedza.

Ongororo ichangobva kuitwa, zvisinei, inoratidza kuti masunisi akabatanidzwa uye kuwirirana hakungoiti kukanganisa kutarisira zvinotarisirwa semagadziro emari yekuchengetedza mari asi zvingatove nezvakasiyana nezvakagadziriswa. Ona "Apo Vachiyananisi veChiciki Havasachengetedzi Mari," The Wall Street Journal , Gumiguru 29, 2011.

Vanofunga kuti boka rehurumende diki shomanana rinogona kupedzisa mari shoma, pamwe chete, kupfuura hurumende imwe chete inobatanidza mabasa avo ose nekuda kwezvikonzero izvi zvikuru:

• Hurumende duku dzinowanzoshandisa vashandi vashoma vanobhadhara zvakadai sevatongi.
• Hurumende dzediki dzinowanzova nezvikwereti zvishoma zvekubhadhara uye zvikwereti (sehutano inshuwarheni nemari pensions) yezvipo zvakasiyana.
• Hurumende duku dzinowanzova nedzimwe nzvimbo dzakagadziriswa nemari shoma chikamu chikamu.

Chimwe chikamu chehurumende shomanana dzisina kutaurwa munyaya yacho ndechokuti dzinowanzove dzakawanda kupfuura hukuru hukuru hwekuvimba nevaya vanozvipira vasingabhadharwi kuti vape mabasa makuru, akadai sekurwa kwemoto uye ambulense, kununurwa kana EMS squads.

Uyezve, vatsvakurudzi vatsanangurwa munyaya ino vanoona kuti, apo hurumende dzinobatanidza, mari yekubhadhara uye kubatsirwa kwevashandi vanochengetedzwa vanoita kuti vauye kuwanhu hupi hupi hupi hupi hupi hupi hupi hupi hupi hupi hupi hupi hupi hunopiwa nehurumende inobhadhara zvakanyanya kusati kwasanganiswa

Uyezve, "kuwirirana" kwevashandi uye mabasa kunowedzera kukonzera kuwedzerwa kwemashumiro (uye nokudaro mari yakawanda) kune vagari venharaunda dzine huwandu hwehutano hwebasa zvisati zvaitika. Pakupedzisira, kuchengetwa kunobudiswa kuburikidza nekuderedzwa kwevamiririri, vatungamiri nemichina zvinopfuura kuderedzwa nekuwedzerwa kuripo kwehuwandu hwevashandi.

The Illinois Cost of Government Study

Kuongorora kwemari yehurumende munyika yeIllinois kunoratidza kuti, kana zvichienzaniswa nezviyero zvemari mumakiriji, vashandi vehurumende vanowana 35% mamwe, vashandi vomuguta vanowana 46% uye vashandi vehurumende vanowana 49% mamwe. Townships dzine zvikamu makumi manomwe nezviviri zvezvigaro zvadzo zvakagadzirwa nevatambi, kunze kwe25% mumasitraine, 9% muzvikamu uye 31% muhurumende yehurumende. Hazvishamisi kuti saka, kushandiswa kwemari mumakorikari kwakasimuka ne17% chete kubvira muna 1992 kusvika muna 2007, zvichienderana ne50% mumasisita, 66% mumatare uye 51% muhurumende yehurumende. Chimwe chikonzero ndechekuti makoroji anowanzova nevashandi vashomanana kune vose vanogara kune dzimwe nheyo dzehurumende.

Sezvimwe mune zvematongerwo enyika, mari inharaunda yeku Illinois yakasimuka ichikurumidza zvikuru, inokwana 74% muna 1992 kusvika muna 2007 nguva. Avhareji yechikoro chemisha yezvikoro ndeye 25% yakakwirira kudarika mishareji yezvikwereti, uye 23% edzimusoro yavo ndeyenguva.

Innovations: Pakati pezvinhu zvitsva zvinoshandiswa muhurumende yezvemari ndezvemagariro ehutano, ayo ari kushandiswa kubhadhara mapurogiramu ekuchera, asi izvo zvinoendesa njodzi yekukundikana kubva kune vateresi kune varairi vemabhizimisi voga.