Nhengo dzekutarisa dzinoongorora simba rezvemari yekambani nehurumende, zvinyorwa uye zvekunze, kunyanya kukwanisa kwavo kugadzirisa chikwereti uye zvikwereti zvikuru pamabatanidzwa uye mune chikwereti. Nhengo dzekutarisa dzinonyatsoongorora mitemo nemamiriro ezvimwe chikwereti chakasiyana. Chiyero chechikwereti chakakonzerwa chinoratidza chiremba chechikwata chekuvimba kuti uyo akakwereta achakwanisa kuwana zvikwereti zvake zvakasimbiswa zvekufarira uye mukuru sezvakarongwa.
Chiyero chechikwereti chakakonzerwa chinogona kusiyanisa zvimwe kubva kune chikwereti chekwereti kune uyo anopa chikwereti, zvichienderana nemashoko ake chaiwo.
Impact
Zvikwereti zvikwereti nezvikwereti zvikwereti zvakanyanya kubva kune masangano zvichaita kuti zvikwereti zviduku zvakanyanya. Kuvimba nevatengi kune vanobhadhara 'kukwanisa kusangana nemitoro yavo yekubhadhara kunonyanya kushandiswa nemasangano ekuenzanisa' anoongorora. Zvichakadaro, chikwata chekuda mari chinotarisirwa nevashambadziri pane chikwereti chakakonzerwa chinopesana nechikwereti chikwereti chemunhu anenge akwereta: Vakweretesa vane simba vanobhadhara vashoma vasina simba vakwereta kuripa zvakawanda.
Analogy
Izvo zvikwata zvekwereti zvikwangwani zvinoita basa rakafanana kune vashandi vechikwereti. Chikwereti chikoro chekuti chibereko chekupedzisira kune munhu mumwechete chinokonzera matanho evanhu vanogona kukwereta.
Career Opportunities
Kushanda semuongorori mune imwe sangano rekuongorora ndiyo imwe nzira yekuita basa mukutsvakurudza kwekuchengetedza . Nzvimbo huru dzehurumende dzinowanzove dzine nhamba dzakawanda dzekuzarura mazamu uye maitiro kuitira kuti vaone kuwanda kwezvikwereti zvezvikwereti pamusika.
Ivo vanobatsira saizvozvo kudzidzisa nhamba huru yevanhu vanozopedzisira vachishumira mune imwe nzvimbo mubhizimusi remari dzemari, mune imwechete simba.
Negatives
Kuenzanisa zvikwata zvinangwa zvekuchinja kwehutano, sezvo wakagamuchira kutsoropodza kwemakore achangopfuura nokuda kwehutano hwekutsvakurudza kwavo. Vakawanda vanocherechedza vanoti ivo varombo vane mari, vanoita zvishoma nezvishoma kuti vaone maitiro asina kunaka kune vanotora avo vanoona, uye vanonoka kuti vadzokorore maitiro avo.
Ikoko kunewo kukakavara kwekufadzwa nekuti (kunze kweEgan-Jones, kambani kadiki inoshandisa vashandisi vayo kukohwa uye mitsara) vabatsiri vanosarudza uye kuripa masangano ekuenzanisa kwezvisungo zvavo. Mukutsvakurudza kwevadzidzi vekutsvaga kwekutsvaga kwema2008 neCFA Institute, 11% yevaya vakapindura vanoti vanoona zvikwata zvehurumende kuvandudza zvisungo zvisiri pasi pekumanikidzwa kubva kune vanobudisa. Zvichakadaro, gore re2003 Federal Reserve rakabvuma kukakavadzana asi rakagumisa kuti kwaiva nekusavhiringidza zviduku, kuwana kuti mahofisi ehurumende anonyanya kukoshesa kuchengetedza mazita avo pane kugutsikana nevatengi.
Leading Firms
Makambani matatu anotonga izvi. Per The Wall Street Journal ("Call to Downsize Giants of Ratings," 8/10/2011), heino mavhoti avo ose uye chikamu chimwe nechimwe chinomiririra kune zviyero zvinopfuura mamiriyoni 2,8 zvakabatanidzwa pamwe chete neGumi Rwenyika Rinozivikanwa RweStatistical Rating Organizations ( NRSROs) yakasarudzwa uye yakarongedzwa neS SEC:
- S & P (1,190,500 kuverengwa, kana 42.2%)
- Moody's (1,039 187 ratings, kana 36.9%)
- Fitch (505 024 kuverenga, kana 17.9%)
Maererano nePiper Jaffray inotsvakurudza nyanzvi inotsanangurwa munyaya yeWSJ yataurwa pamusoro apa, hurukuro nhatu huru dzehurumende pamwe chete dzinowana zvikamu 95 kubva muzana yemari mune ino.
Chiratidzo chechikwata chavo chakakosha ndechokuti, asi Standard & Poor's inokwidza misika ne 8/5/2011 downgrade ye US federal chikwereti kuAA +, Egan-Jones akanga atoita zvakafanana kare, asi haana kufungirwa.
Zisara zvinomwe zveNRSRO zvinongotarisa zvimwe zvingangodanwa 81 955, kana 2.9%. Ivo, nemakore avakatanga:
- AM Best (yakagadzirwa 1899, mazana okutanga akabudiswa muna 1907)
- DBRS (1976)
- Japan Credit Rating Agency (1985)
- Rating uye Investment Info. (1986)
- Egan-Jones Ratings (1995)
- Morningstar Credit Ratings (2001)
- Kroll Bond Rating Agency (2011; Jules Kroll yakagadzira vaparidzi Kroll Associates muna 1984)
Yakasanganiswa, Standard & Poor's uye Moody yezinga ye 80% yevose vehutano nehupfumi (hurumende nehurumende) nyaya dzehutano. Vanowanzoonekwa semusoro wepamusoro Fitch.
Nhengo yekare kune yeNRSRO gumi ndeye AM Best, muduku, asi anoremekedzwa, nyanzvi mumakambani ehurumende yeshuwarisi.