Kufambira mberi zvakanyanya kusvika pakugadzirwa kwemichina yekudhinda muna 1456, iyo inonzi yaJohannes Gutenberg, uye iwe une mavambo ekupararira kwemashoko makuru, kureva nhau.
Kufambira mberi nokukurumidza zvakare, kusvika kuma1920, uye tinoona zvimwe zvekuitika kwekutanga kwemashoko ezvehupfumi, sezvo ruzivo rwemashoko ehurumende rwakasikwa uye runogamuchirwa.
Ndeipi Journalism?
Nhau dzezvematongerwo enyika ndezvekuzivisa kwemashoko. Uye, sezvandinoona apa , zvinyorwa ndezvi 5 W's: Who, What, Where, When and Why of a story. Kunyange zvazvo kudhindwa kwevatapi venhau kunonamatira nzira yakanyanyisa yakajeka yekuti vanopa nyaya sei, kune nyaya dzakasiyana-siyana dzinoparidzwa pamusoro. Kana iwe ukashandisa chero pepanhau guru, rakafanana neThe Washington Post kana The New York Times , uchacherechedza zvikamu zvose zvakasiyana. Basa rakanaka rekuita zvekunzwa nezvemhando dzakasiyana dzemashoko ari kuziviswa ndeyekuti uone kubhurwa kwevhiki-mapepa makuru - iwe uchacherechedza pane zvinhu zvose kubva pakuenda kune zvemitambo kusvika kune zvebhizimisi kusvika kune zvekugadzira tsika.
"Mitambo" muRwandinalism
Mukuwedzera kune zvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana zvinorondedzerwa muhupfumi, kune nzira dzakasiyana dzekutumira nyaya yacho.
Muchidimbu, kune maitiro akasiyana-siyana kana "mazita" ezvinyorwa. Mienzaniso mishomanana inosanganisira kuongorora sarudzo (umo mutori wenhau anoedza kufumura zvakaipa nekutevera nyaya yakaita semuchendi); uye nhepfenyuro yakareba kana nhau yezvinyorwa, inozivikanwawo se "journalism itsva" (mune nyaya iyo yakareba uye inenge yakaita se-prose-kufanana).
Panewo kukakavara pakati pezvikamu, izvo zvinogona kuvhara munhu kana mufambiro, uye zvakananga-up nhau nhau, dzinotumira mashoko zvakananga pamusoro pechinhu chakaitika.
Kuverenga Mukushambadzira
Izvo zviri pamusoro apa ndezvakanaka zvishoma zvemashoko ezvenhau, saka iyo pfungwa yakawanda yekuverenga zvakanyanya pamusoro pebindu kana ichikufarira. Kumagumo aya pano mamwe mabhuku, kubva pamadziro akajeka pamusoro pekunyora nyaya kune zvinyoronyoro (uye dzimwe nguva mapenzi) eve mutori wenhau:
- Zvinhu Zvokutenderera Kwebhuku naBill Kovach naTom Rosenstiel: Bhuku iri rakanakisisa pane zvinyorwa zvekunyora kwemashoko.
- Associated Press Gwaro Rekunyora Nhau : Imwe mazano akanaka ekutaura nhau dzakananga.
- The New New Journalism naRobert Boynton: Inonakidza yekuunganidza mabvunzurudzo nevamwe vevatungamiri venhau venguva refu vanoshanda mazuva ano. Kunyanya zvakanaka kubvira apo vatori venhau vanotsanangurwa nezvemaitiro avo emabasa uye kuti vakatanga sei mumhizha.
- Mammoth Book of Journalism: 101 Nyanzvi dzeVanyori Vakanakisisa neReporters dzakagadziriswa naJon Lewis: Sezvo ndichifunga kuti zvakakosha zvakakwana kuti uverenge kunyora kwakakura kuti uve munyori ari nani, iko kuunganidza nzvimbo yakanaka yekutanga. Mariri uchawana zvidimbu nezvimwe zvezviedza mumunda, munhu wose kubva kuHemingway kuenda kuOrwell.
- Kutya uye Kuchinzwa muLas Vegas naHunter S. Thompson: Ko varume vaviri vane motokari-yakazara nemishonga inotungamirirwa kune bender mu Vegas ine chokuita nehupfumi? Zvakanaka, Thompson, uyo anorumbidzwa nekusika Gonzo Journalism - mavara ake asingabhadharwi akaratidzwa nekuti akazviisa mumashoko ake - ihombe mumunda. Kuti ibate, bhuku racho rinonakidzwa chaizvo. (Chengetedza kutya uye kukanganisa: Pamugwagwa weKampaign , umo Thompson mabhuku anotaura nezve "72 mutungamiri wenhangemutange ... sezvisinganzwisisiki uye zvinodhaka zvakadai sekare.)
- Anodya, Shoots & Mashizha naLynne Truss: Kunyange kana iwe usati waronga kuva mukopeji, iwe unofanirwa kuva nezvipfuura unyanzvi huripo hwegirama. Uye izvi zvinyorwa zvishoma zvakanyatsotungamira zvepumburu zvinowedzera nyaya inoratidzika seinosemesa chaizvo.
- Zvinhu Zveshoko naWilliam Strunk uye EB White: Sezvo isu tisingakwanisi kutaura mutauro uye kwete kutaura bhuku rekare pamusoro pehurukuro, ndinokurudzira kuongorora bhuku duku; iyo yepamutemo yepakutanga, yakatanga kuparidzirwa muna 1957, nokuda kwezvinhu zvekutanga zvekunyora.
- Vakomana paBasi naTimoti Crouse - Nhoroondo yakadikamwa-zhinji yeCrouse nguva inotevera sarudzo ye'72 yepurezidhendi semutori wenhau "pabhazi," kureva kuenda nevatendi (zvakafanana naT Thompson mune zvakataurwa pamusoro pekutya uye Campaign Trail) Nixon uye McGovern.