Kushungurudzwa muMasoja - UCMJ Chisungo 85

Zvinyorwa Zvitsva zveUCMJ, Ndima 85

Rugwaro rweChitsauko 85

"(A) Nhengo chero ipi zvayo yeuto rehondo iyo-

1. pasina kodzero inopfuurira kana kuramba iripo kubva pamubatanidzwa wake, sangano, kana nzvimbo yebasa nechinangwa chekugara kurepo kubva kune zvachose;
2. anokanganisa sangano rake, sangano, kana nzvimbo yebasa nechinangwa chekudzivirira basa rinokuvadza kana kuti kubvisa basa rinokosha; kana
3. kunze kwekugara achiparadzaniswa kubva kune rimwe remauto akashongedzerwa kana kuti anobvuma kusangana mune imwechete kana imwe yehondo yakashonga asina kunyatsozivisa pachena kuti haana kumbogara akaparadzaniswa, kana kupinda chero chero basa rekuzvidzivirira kune dzimwe nyika kunze kwekunge agvumirwa neUnited Nyika Onai: Urongwa uhwu hwakaitwa kuti urege kutaurira mhosva yakasiyana neUnited States Court of Appeals muUnited States v. Huff, 7 USCMA 247, 22 CMR 37 (1956) , ane mhaka yekurasa.

(b) Chero chero mutungamiri wehurumende iyo, mushure mekutsvaga kwekurega kwake uye musati wakaziviswa kubvumwa kwayo, inopedza basa rake kana basa rakanaka risina kurega uye nechinangwa chekugara kure ikoko kune mhosva yekusarura.

(c) Munhu chero upi zvake akawanikwa aine mhosva yekupererwa kana kuedza kurega acharangwa, kana mhosva yacho ichiitwa munguva yehondo, nerufu kana imwe chirango chakadai sokuti dare rinogona kutungamirira, asi kana kukanganisa kana kuedza kusiya pane imwe nguva nguva, nechirango chakadaro, kunze kwekufa, sechireta-gamba rinogona kutungamirira. "

Cherechedza

Kukanganisa kweDesertion , pasi peChitsauko 85, kutakura chirango chakanyanya, kudarika mhosva yeAWOL, pasi peChitsauko 86 . Vanhu vazhinji vanotenda kuti kana mumwe asipo asina simba pane mamwe mazuva anopfuura makumi matatu, mhosva yacho inoshanduka kubva kuAWOL kusvika kuDesertion, asi haisi chokwadi.

Chinosiyana chikuru pakati pemhosva mbiri "chinangwa chekugara kure zvachose." Kana munhu achida kudzokera ku " mauto ehondo ," mumwe ane mhosva ye "AWOL," pasi peChitsauko 86, kwete Deertion, pasi peChitsauko 85, kunyange dai vakanga vasipo kwemakore gumi.

Kuvhiringidzika kunobva kune chokwadi chokuti, kana nhengo isipo pasina chiremera kwemazuva anopfuura makumi matatu, hurumende (dare-ruto) inobvumirwa kufunga kuti hapana chinangwa chokudzoka. Nokudaro, mutoro wehupupuriro hwokuti anopomerwa aida kuti rimwe zuva adzokere ku "kutungamirirwa kweuto" anotsigira nechekuzvidzivirira.

Munhu anenge asipo kwezuva rimwe chete kana maviri, akazobatwa, aigona kutongerwa mhosva yeDestertion, asi kupomerwa kunofanira kuratidza uchapupu hwokuti anopomerwa aida kurambira kure zvachose.

Elements

(1) Kushuva nechinangwa chekugara kure zvachose .

• (a) Kuti uyo anopomerwa akanga asina kubva pane zvaanoita, sangano, kana nzvimbo yebasa;
• (b) Kuti kusavapo kwakadaro kwakanga kusina simba;
• (c) Kuti uyo anopomerwa, panguva iyo kusavapo kwakatanga kana pane imwe nguva panguva yaisipo, aida kurambira kure nemunhu wake, sangano, kana nzvimbo yebasa zvachose; and
• (d) Kuti anopomerwa akaramba aripo kusvikira zuva rainzi. Cherechedza: Kana kusavapo kwakagumiswa nekutya, kuwedzera zvinotevera
• (e) Kuti kupomerwa kusipo kwacho kwakagumiswa nekutya.

(2) Kushuva nechinangwa chokudzivisa basa rinokuvadza kana kuti kubvisa basa rinokosha .

• (a) Kuti uyo anopomerwa akarega basa rake, sangano, kana imwe nzvimbo yebasa;
• (b) Kuti anopomerwa akaita saizvozvo nechinangwa chekudzivisa rimwe basa kana kuti shirk chimwe chebasa;
• (c) Kuti basa raifanira kuitwa rakaipisisa kana basa rinokosha;
• (d) Kuti anopomerwa aiziva kuti iye aizotarisirwa kuita basa kana basa; and

• (e) Kuti anopomerwa akaramba aripo kusvikira zuva rainzi.

(3) Kusarura pamberi pekuziva kwekubvuma kusarudzwa .

• (a) Kuti uyo akapomerwa akanga ari mutungamiri weuto rehondo reUnited States, uye akanga atendera kusarudzwa kwake;
• (b) Izvo asati agamuchira chiziviso chokugamuchirwa kwekurega basa, uyo akapomerwa akarega basa rake kana mabasa akakodzera;
• (c) Kuti anopomerwa akaita izvozvo nechinangwa chokugara zvachose kubva panzvimbo yake kana mabasa akakodzera; and
• (d) Kuti anopomerwa akaramba aripo kusvikira zuva rainzi. Cherechedza: Kana kusavapo kwakagumiswa nekutya, kuwedzera zvinotevera
• (e) Kuti kupomerwa kusipo kwacho kwakagumiswa nekutya.

(4) Kuedza kurasa .

• (a) Kuti uyo akapomerwa akaita chimwe chinhu chakawanda;
• (b) Kuti chiito ichi chakaitwa nechinangwa chakanaka chokuenda;
• (c) Kuti chiito ichocho chakanga chisingaiti kungogadzirira; and
• (d) Kuti chiito ichocho sezviri pachena chakanga chichiita kugadziriswa kwechivi chekuda.

Tsanangudzo

(1) Kushuva nechinangwa chekugara kure zvachose .

• (a) Muzhinji . Kushushikana nechinangwa chekugara kure zvachose kwakakwana kana munhu wacho asiri iye oga kana asina simba kubva kumunhu wake, sangano, kana nzvimbo yebasa, nechinangwa chekugara kurepo kubva pane zvachose. Kutendeuka nokukurumidza uye kudzoka, nepo zvinhu zvakagadziriswa, hazvisi kudzivirira. Hazvidi kuti munhu wacho asave zvachose kubva kumasimba ehondo uye kutonga.

• (b) Kusina simba- kubvuma, nguva, kupera. Ona ndima 10c .
• (c) Chinangwa chokugara zvachose .
• (d) Kubudirira kwekunyora kana kusarudzwa mune imwechete kana kuti yakasiyana nehondo yakashonga . Chitsauko 85a (3) haritauri mhosva yakasiyana. Asi, mutemo wehupupuriro hunoshandiswa nehutongi hunogona kuratidza chinangwa chekugara kure zvachose. Uchapupu hwekunyora kana kubvuma kusarudzwa mubasa risina kubudisa preexisting basa iri mune imwechete kana kuti rimwe basa rinopa hwaro kubva kune chirevo chechinangwa chekugara zvachose kubva pane chimwe chekutanga, sangano, kana nzvimbo yebasa itorwa. Uyezve, kana munhu, asina kugara achiparadzana kubva kune rimwe remauto akazvigadzirira, anoshandisa kana kugamuchira kusangana mune imwechete kana imwe simba rakashonga, kuvapo kwomunhu mubasa rechiuto pasi pekunyorwa kwakadaro kana kuti kugadzwa hakusi kudzokera kuuto rehondo uye haibvumi kusarura chero kupi zvako kana kusavapo kusina simba kubva kune chimwe chikwata chekare kana sangano, kunze kwekuti zviitiko zvepakutanga nguva yebasa zvinozivikanwa kuzviremera zvemauto. Kana munhu, ari mukutsvaga, achinyora kana kugamuchira kusangana mune imwechete kana imwe simba rehondo, uye mahombekombe paanenge achishumira kuverengwa kana kusarudzwa, munhu wacho angatongerwa uye akatongerwa mhosva yega yega.

• (ii) Anopomerwa anofanira kunge akada kuramba ari kure zvachose kubva pachibato, sangano, kana nzvimbo yebasa. Apo uyo akapomerwa aiva nechinangwa ichocho, hachisi chokudzivirira kuti uyo akapomerwa aidawo kutaurira basa kune imwe nzvimbo, kana kubvunza kana kubvuma kusangana musangano rimwechete kana kuti rakasiyana.

  (iii) Chinangwa chekugara kure zvachose chinogona kusimbiswa nehupupuriro huripo. Pakati pemamiriro ezvinhu kubva pane izvo zvingave zvichitorwa kuti munhu anopomerwa anongoda kuramba asinapo zvachose kana; kuti nguva yekusavapo yaiva yakareba; kuti uyo akapomerwa akaedza, kana kuti, akadzikisa yunifomu kana zvimwe zvechiuto; kuti uyo akapomerwa akatenga tikiti kune imwe nzvimbo kure kana kuti akasungwa, akabatwa, kana kupa chikamu chikuru kubva pachigaro chemhosva; kuti uyo akapomerwa aigona kunge akashandura kuhondo asi haana; kuti uyo akapomerwa akanga asina kugutsikana neavo vakapomerwa, chikepe, kana nehondo; kuti uyo akapomerwa akaita mazwi anoratidza chinangwa chokurega; kuti uyo akapomerwa akanga ari pasi pemhosva kana kuti akanga apukunyuka kubva musungwa panguva yekusasipo; kuti uyo akapomerwa akaita zvirongwa zvinoratidza chinangwa chekusadzoka (somuenzaniso, kugadziriswa kwemari), kana kuti akapomerwa akanyorera kana kugamuchira kusangana mune imwechete kana imwe imwe hondo yakashonga asingatauri kuti munhu anopomerwa akanga asina kuparadzaniswa nguva dzose, kana kuti akapinda mubasa chero ripi zvaro rekuzvidzivirira rakashandiswa kunze kwekugadzwa neUnited States. Kune rumwe rutivi, zvinotevera zvinosanganiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu angangodaro asina hanya nenyaya yokuti uyo anopomerwa aida kurambira kure zvachose: basa rakapfuura uye rakanaka kwazvo; kuti uyo akapomerwa akasiya pfuma chaiyo yega muimba kana kuti pachikepe; kana kuti uyo akapomerwa aiva pasi pekudhakwa nedoro kana zvinodhaka panguva isipo. Aya mazita ari mifananidzo chete.

  (iv) Kupindira pane zvinyorwa, zvakadai sedare rekuzvidavirira kwevashandi, iro rinotungamirirwa neanopomerwa se "deerter" harisi uchapupu hwechinangwa kurenje.

  (v) Chiratidzo che, kana chikumbiro chemhosva, kusabvumirwa kusina kubvumirwa, kunyange kwenguva yakareba, haisi, pasinazve, kuratidza mhosva yekutya.

  (i) Chinangwa chekugara zvachose kubva pachibvumirano, sangano, kana nzvimbo yebasa zvinogona kuumbwa chero nguva panguva isina kubvumidzwa kusina kubvumirwa. Chinangwa chacho hachifaniri kuvapo nguva yose isipo, kana kwenguva ipi zvayo yenguva, chero bedzi iripo pane imwe nguva panguva isipo.

(2) Kurega chikwata, sangano, kana nzvimbo yebasa nechinangwa chekudzivirira basa rinokuvadza kana kuti kubvisa basa rinokosha .

• (a) Basa rinokuvadza kana basa rinokosha . "Basa rinokuvadza" kana "basa rinokosha" rinogona kusanganisira basa rakadai semabasa muhondo kana imwe nzvimbo ine ngozi; kutangira kune dzimwe nyika kunze kwegungwa kana basa; kufamba kuenda kunzvimbo yekutangira kwechinangwa ichocho; kupinda mumuganhu kana kugungwa munguva yehondo kana kutyisidzira kupinda kana zvimwe zvinetso; kurohwa kana kukakavara; kana basa pakubatsira simba rehurumende mukati, somuenzaniso, kuchengetedza pfuma, kana kudzokorora kana kudzivirira dambudziko panguva dzekukuvara kwevanhu vakawanda. Nheyo dzakadaro sekutinhira, kurongedza zvinoshandiswa, kurongedza, nekuita maitiro hazvisi "basa rinokuvadza kana basa rinokosha." Kana basa riri nengozi kana basa rinokosha zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo, uye mubvunzo wechokwadi dare-gamba kusarudza.

• (b) Anorega . "Anorega" muChitsauko 85 zvinoreva kuti "inopera pasina chiremera."
• (c) ruzivo rwechokwadi . Chitsauko 85 a (2) chinoda uchapupu hwokuti anopomerwa aiziva nezvebasa rinotyisa kana basa rinokosha. Zvechokwadi ruzivo runogona kuratidzirwa nehumwe uchapupu huripo.

(3) Kuedza kusiya . Kana imwe nguva kuedza kuitwa, chokwadi chokuti munhu anoramba, achizvidira kana kuti zvimwe, haasi kubvisa mhosva yacho. Kukanganisa kwakakwana, somuenzaniso, kana munhu, achida kuenda, anovanza mune motokari isina chinhu yekutakura pane zvekuchengetedzwa kwemauto, achida kupukunyuka nekubviswa mumotokari. Kupinda mumotokari nechinangwa chokurega ndicho chiito chakanyanya. Kuti uwane hurukuro yakazara yekuedza, ona ndima 4 . Kuti uwane tsananguro pamusoro pechinangwa chekugara kure nekusingaperi, ona sub-ndima 9c (1) (c).

(4) Mujeri akaurayiwa kurangwa . Mumwe musungwa uyo anodzingwa kana kuregererwa kana kuipa-maitiro ekurasikirwa akaurayiwa haasi "nhengo yevarwi" mukati mezvinoreva zvinyorwa 85 kana 86, kunyange zvazvo musungwa angave achiri pasi pemutemo wehondo pasi peChitsauko 2 ( a ) ( 7) .

Kana chokwadi chiripo, musungwa akadai anogona kupomerwa kuti asunungurwe kubva muchitokisi pasi peChitsauko 95 , kana kuti mhosva kune pasi peChitsauko 134 .

Zvipimo Zvishoma Zvishoma

Chitsauko 86 -kusununguka pasina kusiya

Maximum chirango .

(1) Kuzadzikiswa kana kuedza kushanduka nechinangwa chekudzivirira basa rinokuvadza kana kuti kubvisa basa rinokosha .

Kusunungurwa kusinganzwisisiki, kukanganiswa kwemari yose uye zvipo, nekuvharirwa kwemakore mashanu.

(2) Mamwe mazamu akapedzwa kana akaedza kurasa .

• (a) Anoguma nokutya . Kusunungurwa kusinganzwisisiki, kukanganiswa kwebhadharo yese uye zvipo, nekuvharirwa kwemakore matatu.
• (b) Kupedzwa zvimwe . Kusunungurwa kusinganzwisisiki, kukanganiswa kwemari yose uye zvipo, nekuvharirwa kwemakore maviri.

(3) Munguva yehondo . Rufu kana chimwe chirango chakadai senzira yedare rinogona kutungamirira.

_{Pamusoro peNhoroondo kubva kuBhuku reDare Martial, 2002, Chitsauko 4, Ndima 9}