Chiremera neCriminology, Kubvira kune Ancients kusvika kuRenaissance
Sezvo sangano revanhu rakashanduka kwezviuru zvemazana, saizvozvo, zvakare, kunzwisisa kwatinoita zvikonzero zvekuparwa kwemhosva nemagariro evanhu. Sezvakanyanya kuitika, nhoroondo yezvinyorwa zvemazuva ano inowana midzi yekare.
Maonero ekare eUmhosva uye Kurangwa
Munhoroondo yose, vanhu vakaita mhirizhonga kune mumwe nomumwe. Munguva dzekare, mhinduro yakawanda yakanga iri yekutsiva; uyo akaurayiwa kana mhuri yemunhu anenge aine mhosva aizotaura izvo zvavakafunga kuti ndizvo zvakakodzera kupindura kukanganisa kwakaitwa kwavari.
Kakawanda, mhinduro idzi hadzina kuyerwa kana kuenzaniswa. Somugumisiro, mutongi wepakutanga aiwanzozvionera iye oga kuti ave akabatwa mhosva nekuda kwezviito zvaakatorwa pamusoro pake kana kuti ivo vaifunga kuti hazvina kufanana nemhosva yakaparwa. Ropa rinowanzowanzogadziridzwa iyo dzimwe nguva ingaguma kumarudzi ose.
Mitemo Yekutanga neMatare
Kunyange zvazvo kupara mhosva chiri dambudziko kumarudzi ose, kupindura kune mhosva mumagariro ekutanga kwakakonzera matambudziko avo. Mitemo inotsanangurwa zvakajeka nezvemhosva uye kuranga zvakafanana yakasimbiswa kuti zvose zvinyengeri zvidzivirire uye kugumisa kupera kweropa kwakaguma nekutsiva kwevatambudzi.
Aya maitiro okutanga achiri kubvumira kuti munhu anenge apomerwa mhosva abudise chirango asi akatsvaka kujekesa kuti mhinduro kune imwe mhosva inofanira kuenzana nekuoma kwemhosva yacho pachayo. Purogiramu yeHammurabi ndeimwe yepakutanga, uye zvichida ndiyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa kuedza chirango chakatarwa chemhosva.
Izvo zvinotaurwa mumutsetse zvinonyatsotsanangurwa se "mutemo wekudzorera."
Chitendero uye Utsotsi
Kumadokero tsika, dzakawanda mazano epakutanga pamusoro peupombwe uye kurangwa zvakachengetedzwa muTesitamente yekare yeBhaibheri. Iyo pfungwa inonyatsozivikanwa semashoko okuti "ziso neziso."
Mune mapoka ekutanga kuparwa kwemhosva, pamwe chete nezvose zvakasara, zvakatariswa mumamiriro ezvinhu echitendero. Mhosva yakaipisisa vamwari kana Mwari. Zvakanga zviri munyaya iyi kuti mabasa okutsiva akanga akarurama, senzira yekufadza vanamwari nekuda kwekutongwa kwakaitwa pamusoro pavo nemhosva.
Philosophy yokutanga neUrwere
Zvakawanda zvekunzwisisa kwedu kwemazuva ano nezvehukama pakati pehupombwe nekuranga zvinogona kuteverwa kune zvinyorwa zvevazivi vechiGiriki Plato naAristotle, kunyange zvingatora zvinopfuura mireniyumu kwemazano avo akawanda kuti atange midzi.
Plato aive pakati pevokutanga kunongedzera kuti kuparwa kwemhosva kwaiwanzova mugumisiro wezvidzidzo zvakashata uye kuti chirango chemhosva chinofanira kuongororwa zvichienderana nehuwandu hwavo hwekanganiso, zvichibvumira kuti zvigone kuderedza mamiriro ezvinhu.
Aristote yakagadzira pfungwa yokuti kupindura kuparwa kwemhosva kunofanirwa kudzivirira kuita ramangwana, zvose nevapambi uye nevamwe vanogona kunge vachida kuita mamwe mhaka.
Kunyanya kukosha, chirango ichocho kuparwa kwemhosva chinofanira kushandiswa sechinodzivisa vamwe.
Chete Mutemo neSosaiti
Nzira yekutanga yekudziridza kambani yakazara yemitemo, yakaisanganisira zvirongwa zvemhosva, yaiva Republic reRoma. VaRoma vanowanikwa vakawanda sevanonyatsoziva nezvemutemo wemazuva ano, uye mafungiro avo achiri kuonekwa nhasi, sezvo mutauro wechiLatin uri kuchengetwa mune zvakawanda zvemashoko ezvematongerwo enyika.
Roma yakatora mhirizhonga yenyika yehupombwe, kuona maitiro ezvimhosva semhosva kumasangano kupesana nevamwari. Nokudaro, zvakatora basa rokutora nekuranga chirango semabasa ehurumende, senzira yekuchengetedza sangano rakarongeka.
Mhosva uye Kurangwa muMiddle Ages
Kutanga nekupararira kwechiKristu kumativi ose kumavirazuva kwakaunza kudzokera pakunamatira kwechitendero pakati peupombwe nekurangwa.
Nekuderera kweHumambo hweRoma, kusakosha kwechiremera chakasimba chekutungamira kunotungamirira kune danho rakadzokera kumashure maonero ehutachiona.
Zviito zvemupfambi zvakatanga kuonekwa semabasa uye simba redhiyabhorosi kana Satani. Mhosva dzaive dzakaenzana nechivi.
Kusiyana nenguva dzekare, apo kurangwa kwaiwanzoitwa kuitira kufadza vanamwari, kurangwa kwakanga kwaitwa zvino muchirevo che "kuita basa raMwari." Kutongwa kwehana kwaive kwakagadzirirwa kusunungura mutadzi wezvivi uye kuvasunungura kubva kune simba redhiyabhorosi.
Nheyo dzeZviitiko Zvemazuva Ano zveUtsotsi
Panguva imwecheteyo, chiKristu chikaunza zvakakosha zvekuregerera uye tsitsi, uye maonero pamusoro peupombwe uye chirango chakatanga kuchinja. Mudzidzisi weRoma Katurike Thomas Aquinas akanyatsotsanangura pfungwa idzi mumutauro wake "Summa Theologica."
Zvaitendwa kuti Mwari akanga atsigira "Mutemo weMutemo," uye mhosva dzaive dzakanzwisiswa kuputsa mutemo wepanyama, izvo zvaireva kuti mumwe munhu akaita mhosva ainge aita chiito chakazvitsaura pachavo kubva kuna Mwari.
Yakatanga kunzwisiswa kuti mhosva dzakarwadzisa kwete kwete chete uyo akabatwa asi asiwo mhombwe. Vatadzi, apo vakakodzera kurangwa, vaifanirawo kunzwira ngoni, sezvavakanga vazviisa kunze kwe nyasha dzaMwari.
Kunyangwe pfungwa idzi dzichibva kune zvidzidzo zvechitendero, pfungwa idzi dzinowedzera nhasi mumaonero edu enyika ekupara mhosva uye kurangwa.
Criminology yemazuva ano uye Secular Society
Madzimambo uye madzimai ezviitiko izvi vakataura simba ravo rekutonga mukuda kwaMwari, vachireva kuti vakaiswa musimba naMwari uye saka vanoita mukuda kwake. Mhosva dzevanhu, dzimba, nehurumende dzose dzakaonekwa semhosva dzaMwari uye sezvivi.
Madzimambo akazviti ndewemusoro wehurumende uye musoro wechechi. Chirango chaive chichikurumidza uye chisimba, pasina hanya nechechimhosva.
Sezvo pfungwa yekuparadzanisa kereke nehurumende yakatanga kutora midzi, pfungwa pamusoro peupombwe uye chirango chakatora chimiro chekunamata uye chevanhu. Kurasika kwemazuva ano kwemazuva ano kwakaitwa kunze kwekudzidza kwemagariro evanhu.
Pamusoro paro, maitiro ekurwisa mhirizhonga ano mazuva ano anotsvaka kudzidza midzi dzinokonzera utsotsi uye kuziva kuti zvakanakisisa sei kugadzirisa uye nekudzivirira. Vakuru vekare vanoita zvemhosva vakatsigira nzira yakarurama yekuita nehutongerwo hwemhosva, vachimanikidza kushandiswa kwechisimba nehurumende.
Chikumbiro Chekufunga Muna Criminology Yemazuva Ano
Mutori weItaly, Cesare Beccaria, mubhuku rake rinonzi On Crime and Punishment , akatsigira kuronga kwehutachiona uye chirango chinowirirana zvichienderana nekuoma kwemhosva. Akaratidza kuti kana zvakanyanya kuipa mhosva, kurangwa kwakanyanya kunofanira kuva.
Beccaria aidavira kuti basa revatongi rinofanira kunge rakaguma pakusarudza mhosva kana mhosva, uye kuti vanofanira kuranga kurangwa maererano nemirayiridzo inoratidzwa neZimbabwe. Kutonga kwakanyanya uye vatongi vanoshungurudza vaizobviswa.
Beccaria aidavirawo kuti kudzivisa kupara mhosva kwaikosha kudarika kuranga. Nokudaro, chirango chemhosva chinofanira kutyisa kutyisidzira vamwe kurega kuita izvozvi mhosva.
Pfungwa yacho ndeyekuti kuvimbiswa kwekururamisira kunokurudzira mumwe munhu zvichida kuti aite mhosva kuti atange kufunga nezvemigumisiro inogona kuitika.
The Link Between Demographics and Crime
Criminology yakagadziridzwa zvakare sezvo vezvematongerwo enyika vakaedza kudzidza midzi inokonzera uipi. Vakadzidza zvose zvirimo uye munhu wacho.
Nekutanga kuverengwa kwenhamba dzehurumende munyika yeFrance muna 1827, muBelgium statistician Adolphe Quetelet akacherechedza kufanana pakati pevanhu vanoita nezvehupfumi uye hutsotsi. Akafananidza nzvimbo umo kuwedzera kwekupara kwemhosva kwakaitika, pamwe chete nezera uye hutano hweavo vakaita zviito.
Akaona kuti huwandu hwakanyanya hwehupombwe hwakaitwa nevasati vadzidza, varombo, varume vaduku. Akaona zvakare kuti dzimwe mhosva dzakaitwa muhupfumi, dzimwe nzvimbo dzakapfuma nzvimbo dzenharaunda.
Kunyange zvakadaro, mitero yakakwirira yehupombwe yakaitika munzvimbo idzodzo dzakapfuma dzaive dziri pedyo nepakati penzvimbo dzakashata, zvichiratidza kuti varombo vaizoenda kunzvimbo dzakaoma kuti vaite mhosva.
Izvi zvakaratidza kuti kuparwa kwemhosva kwakaitika zvikuru pamusana pemukana uye kwakaratidza kuwirirana kwakasimba pakati pemamiriro ehupfumi, makore, dzidzo, uye utsotsi.
The Link Between Biology, Psychology, and Crime
Mukupera kwezana remakore remakore rechi19, chiremba chepfungwa cheItaly Cesare Lombroso akadzidza chikonzero chekuparwa kwemhosva kubva pamunhu mumwechete uye zvepfungwa. Kunyanya kukosha, akaratidza kuti vazhinji vezvakaipa zvemabasa vakanga vasina kuchinja sevamwe nhengo dzevanhu.
Lombrosso yakawana humwe hunhu hwepanyama hwakagoverwa pakati pevapanduki hunomutungamirira kuti atende kuti pane chimwe chinhu chakasikwa uye chakagara nhaka chakaita kuti munhu aite zvinogona kuita mhosva.
Modern Criminology
Iyi miviri miviri yekufunga, yezvisikwa uye yezvakatipoteredza, yakashanduka kuwirirana, zvichiona zvose zviri mukati nekunze zvinokonzera kukonzera kukanganisa.
Zvikoro zviviri zvepfungwa zvakaumbwa izvo nhasi zvinonzi zvichiri kurangwa kwechirwere chemhosva chemazuva ano. Criminologists iye zvino vanoongorora zvemagariro evanhu, zvepfungwa nemagariro ehupenyu. Vanoita mazano ekugadzirisa hurumende, matare nemasangano emapurisa kubatsira mukudzivirira mhosva.
Sezvo dzidziso idzi dzaive dzichigadziridzwa, kushanduka kwemazuva ano mapurisa uye ehurumende yedu yehutongi yehurumende yakanga iri kuitikawo saizvozvo.
Chinangwa chemapurisa chakanga chakacheneswa kudzivirira nekuona hupombwe, kunze kwekungoita chete kune mhosva dzakatoitwa. Mhosva yehurumende yehurumende ikozvino inoshanda kuranga mhombwe nekuda kwekudzivisa mhosva dzemangwana.
Basa Rokuita muCriminology
Criminology yakabuda senzvimbo yakasiyana-siyana, inosanganisira zvinhu zvezvematongerwo enyika, biology, uye psychology.
Mabasa evanhu vanodzidza nezvemhosva dzemapurisa vanosanganisira mapurisa , vatsvakurudzi, nzvimbo yemhosva uye mapurisa ekuongorora mabhizimisi , magweta, vatongi, vashandi vekuchengeteka , uye magweta epfungwa .
Munda wekupomera mhosva unoramba uchikura, uye iwe unogona kuwana mikana yemabasa munharaunda chero ipi zvayo inofarira iwe unogona kuva nayo.