Zviitiko zvinokosha muCriminal Justice, Forensics, uye Criminology
The BC Years
Ropa raiwedzera kubva 8000 kusvika 4000 BC
Mharaunda yekurima yakagadzirwa kuMiddle East, ichiunza mapoka evanhu pedyo. Izvi zvakagadzirisa kukakavadzana kwenyika uye kuwedzera kwezvingaita zvemhosva kuti zviitike.
Sumeria yakakura ikava yekutanga inozivikanwa yehupfumi muna 3500 BC, ichisimbisa guta rekutanga-hurumende nehurumende kubatsira kubvisa kukakavadzana.
Kuwedzera kweRipublic yeRoma kwakatanga muna 509 BC Mauto eRoma akashanda semurairo wekutanga wekusimbisa kusvika kusvika 500 AD Kuvapo kwavo mumigwagwa yemaguta nemisha kwakava nzira inobatsira yekudzivirira mhosva.
Kubva 428 kusvika muna 347 BC , muzivi wechiGiriki Plato, mudzidzi waSocrates, akabudisa pfungwa yokuti vanhu vakaberekwa zvakanaka. Izvi zvaizoisa hwaro hwehuMwari hwemangwana rezvechitendero uye zvingadai zvichiri kuchinja maonero ekupara mhosva nekuranga mazana emakore gare gare.
Aristotle, mudzidzi waPlato nemudzidzisi kuna Alexander Mukuru, akanyatsotsanangura nezvekudzidza kwesayenzi uye nesayenzi kubva kune 384 kusvika 327 BC, iyo yaizotevera hutungamiri hwekuongorora nekupara kwemhosva.
Julius Caesar akaurayiwa muna 44 BC uye akava musoro wekutanga kunyorwa autopsy.
The 1st Century
Pedanius Dioscorides, chiremba wechiGiriki anogara muRome, akarongedza miti yakasiyana-siyana, mishonga, uye zviratidzo zvehupfu hwe 50 kusvika 70 AD Basa rake, De Materia Medica, rinonzi ndiro nheyo ye forensic toxicology.
Mutori wenhau weRoma ainzi Quintilian akashandisa senzi inozivikanwa kuti aratidze kuti ropa rakapetwa nemaoko rakanga risina wemhondi inopomerwa mhosva.
Kukundikana kweHumambo hweRoma kwakatungamirira kuderedzwa munyika yekumadokero uye kudzokera ku "kin policing" pfungwa uye neropa ropa apo mhuri uye vavakidzani vakazvisunga ivo pachavo. Makirasi aionekwa seine mhosva kune avo vamene uye vakatora nyaya dzeupombwe uye kurangwa mumaoko avo.
Izana remakore rechi11
Mhedziso yeFrankenpledge yepurisa yakatanga muna 1035. Varume vose vanopfuura makore gumi nemaviri vakaumbwa kuva mapoka evanhu gumi nevavakidzani vavo. Vakatora mhiko yekubata uye kuchengetedza nhengo dzemhuri dzavo ivo vakaita mhirizhonga pasi pekutarisana kweimbavha. Vatungamiri vekuShire vakanga vari pasi pekutariswa kweShire Reeve uyo akasarudzwa neKurona.
13th Century
Mumwe chiremba wechiChina akabudiswa Hsi Duan Yu, The Washing Away of Wrongs, muna 1248 . Ndiyo basa rekutanga raizivikanwa pamusoro pekuongorora kwehutano uye rufu
Saint Thomas Aquinas akanyora basa rake rinozivikanwe zvikuru, Summa Theologica , kubva muna 1265 kusvika muna 1274. Akapa pfungwa yeChechi yeMutemo, kuvaka pamusoro pefilosofi yaPlato. Akaratidza kuti kuparwa kwemhosva kwaiva kushorwa kuna Mwari uye kuti kwakakuvadza kwete chete munhu akaurayiwa asi mutadzi pamwe chete nokuti vanhu vanozvarwa zvakanaka.
Muzana remakore rechi14
Nguva yekutora nguva yakatanga kuchinja mafungiro nezvehurumende, kuparwa kwemhosva, uye kurangwa.
Kururamisira kworugare kwakagadzwa naMambo kuti ipe rubatsiro kune mapurisa uye Shire Reeves. Vatongi vanogona kubudisa mabvumirano uye kubata kutarisana kwekutaurirana, uye vanogona kuedza mhaka dzinosanganisira zviduku zviduku.
Parish Constable system uye "hue uye kuchema" yakatanga. Vanhurume vakagadzwa kuti vashumire sevatariri muguta rimwechete kwegore rimwechete. Apo mukuruja akadana rubatsiro, varume vose veguta vaizobva vatora mhinduro. Kudanwa kwekubatsira kwaizotakura kubva kune rimwe guta kusvikira kune imwe mhosva kusvikira mutadzi akabatwa kana kukurumidza kumira.
Yezana remakore rechi16
Nzira yesayenzi yakatangwa sechishandiso chekutsvaga mhosva. Yakaita nzira itsva yekuunganidza nekuongorora uchapupu.
Vakasiyana-siyana vekumavirira mafilosofi vakatanga kukurukura pfungwa ye "chibvumirano chevanhu" umo chinangwa uye basa rahurumende nemitoro yevanhu nevanhu vatongi zvakatsanangurwa.
Vanhu vakapa simba ravo kuna mambo mukutsinhana nekuchengeteka, kuchengeteka, nekubudirira. Uku kufunga kwakakonzera maonero ezvemhosva ehupombwe munguva yeChiedza.
18th Century
Kushandisa nesayenzi kunoreva kuunganidza uye kuenzanisa uchapupu kwakazogamuchirwa zvakanyanya.
Mutongi weItaly uye muzivi weCesare Beccaria akabudisa basa rake rakanakisisa-rekuziva, Pamhosva dzeKupomerwa uye Kurangwa , muna 1764. Rakadana kuti chiyero chakakosha apo chirango chechirango chaizowedzera nekukwirira kwemhosva.
Yezana remakore rechi19
Metropolitan Mapurisa maitiro akavakwa kuLondon muna 1829, achicherechedza chekutanga chechokwadi nguva dzose, junifomu, uye mapurisa emapurisa. Sir Robert Peel 9 Nheyo dzePurisa dzakaendeswa kumapurisa ose pamusimba.
Bhuku reBelgium detaiti Adolphe Quetelet akatarisa nhamba dzemhosva dzenyika kubva kuFrance muna 1827 uye akabatanidza kuwirirana pakati pehutachiona nehuwandu hwevanhu, kusanganisira makore, hutano, dzidzo, uye hukama hwehupfumi.
Psychiatrist uye chiremera chemhosva Césare Lombroso akagadzira Positivist School of Criminology uye akataura pfungwa dzepfungwa nehupenyu hwehutano hwemhosva pakati pe 1858 ne 1909.
Kodzero yeGeorge Eastman Kodak kamera yakava yakawanda yakawanikwa muna 1888 uye inogona kushandiswa kupota uye kunyora zvirwere zvemhosva.
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle waSherlock Holmes akashandisa senzi uye ane chikonzero chekugadzirisa utsotsi uye akawedzera pfungwa ye forensics inotanga muna 1886.
Muna 1880 , Henry Faulds naWilliam Herschel vakabudisa chidzidzo mune zvisikwa vachiratidza kuti zvigunwe zveminwe zvakanga zvakasiyana nevamwe.
Yezana remakore rechi20
Imwe nzira yekushandisa hydrogen peroxide kuti ione mararamiro eropa kuburikidza nehujidhi yakawanikwa muna 1901.
Dhiyabhorosi Edmond Locard, baba vekupara mhosva kwepamutemo, vakagadzira dambudziko rekutanga rezvemhosva mumakamuri maviri echivanze kuLyon, dhipatimendi remapurisa reFrance mu1910. Dr. Locard akadhinda zita rake rinozivikanwa zvikuru rinonzi Locard's Exchange Principle muna 1934, achitaura zvaanotenda kuti zvinhu zvose zvinosiya mutsara uye naizvozvo kune nguva dzose uchapupu hunowanikwa.
Dhijitori uye zvemakombiyuta forensics zvakatanga kuumbwa neFBI muna 1984 kuti iongorore uchapupu hwemakombiyuta.
DNA uchapupu hwakashandiswa munyaya yedare remhosva kune yekutanga muna 1987. Tommie Lee Andrews akava munhu wokutanga kutongerwa mhosva yeDNA.
Kururamisira kwePamende History Inopfuurira
Tinoenderera mberi kukura uye kuchinja mune zvatinoziva nekupindura kuparwa kwemhosva. Mazano edu ekuti tidzivirire kuparwa kwemhosva uye kuti kuwedzera sei kuvimba kwevanhu mumapurisa zvicharamba zviri mberi kwebasa rakanaka rakawanikwa mukati mekunyorwa kwemhosva uye kururamisira. Vanofanira kuramba vachipa mikana inonakidza uye inobhadhara yemabasa emakore achauya.