Crew Resource Management, inozivikanwawo seCockpit Resource Management, kana CRM, inofanirwa kugadziriswa kwekambodhi inosanganisira kushandiswa kwemutyairi wezvinhu zvose zviripo, mukati nekunze kwejongwe.
Nhoroondo
Vatungamiri vehupfumi vakabuda muma1970 ekupera kwekuteerera kuongororo yeNASA yekutsvakurudza tsvakurudzo. Tsvakurudzo yeNASA yakanga yaita panguva iyo yakatarira kukanganisa kwevanhu kunobatanidzwa mumakemikari epamakumbo nevakawanda vashandi.
Vatsvakurudzi veNASA vakaona kuti kukanganisa mune unyanzvi hwekukurukurirana, kusarudza kwehutungamiri uye hutungamiri mujeriji ndiyo yaiva zvikonzero zvikuru zvezviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana, saka vanoisa pamwe purogiramu yekukurudzira kushanda pamwe nekugadzirisa mazano.
Muma1970, zvakawanda zvekutarisa kweRRM zvakanga zviri pamushambadzidzi wekambani / copilot. Zvaiita sekuti kune vamwe vatungamiri vepurisa vaifunga zvishoma nezvevanoshanda navo. Paivawo nevatungamiriri vakawanda vekutanga vakanga vasinganzwi sokuti vaigona kumire kumukuru wavo kana vaisabvumirana nezvakaitwa. Mapurisa akaiswa pamakumbo uye vatasviki vepasi vakaona kuti zvakanga zvisina kuremekedza kuvabvunza. Izvi zvakagadzira nzvimbo yebasa yakanga isingabatsiri kushanda pamwe uye yakatungamirira kune njodzi dzakawanda. Chinangwa cheRRM panguva ino ndechekuwana nzvimbo yekuremekedzana kwakaenzana, kushanda pamwe nekubatana kuitira kuchengeta zvakachengetedza basa rekufamba.
Gare gare maRM models akatevera dzidziso dzakafanana asiwo akabatanidza humwe unyanzvi hwekuita zvisarudzo zvakakwana. Kukanganisa kutungamirirwa kwakava chinangwa chekupedzisira kweRM training training modules. Nhamba dzekuchengeteka dzinotaurira kuti vanhu ndivo vanonyanya kukonzera kukanganisa; saka, vatyairi vemafisi vanofanira kudzidza kudziona zvingave zvikanganiso uye kutadza kukanganisa pavanoita.
Kunyanya munguva pfupi yapfuura, CRM yakashandura pakudzidzisa nzira dzekuchengetedza ngozi, dzinotarisa kushandiswa kwebasa rekuita basa, kuziva maitiro ane ngozi kana mararamiro, kuchengetedza kugadzirisa maitiro, nekukurukurirana zvinobudirira kuitira kuti tishandise zvakanaka uye zvakachengeteka pane zvose zvatiza.
Nhasi, CRM ndiyo chikamu chinokosha chekudzidziswa kwebasa rekuvhara uye chikamu chinokosha chezivo mubasa rekufambisa ndege . Vose vadzidzisi vezvikepe vanodzidziswa muRRM, uye chinongoramba chiripo pane dzimwe pfungwa dzakadai sedaeronautical-making-making, management risk, leadership, and error management.
CRM Concepts
- Chisarudzo chekuita chisarudzo: Vose vanofambisa ndege vanobatanidzwa mukugadzirisa zvisarudzo panguva dzezvikepe. Pasinei nokuti vanoita chisarudzo chakanaka here kana kwete zvichienderana nehuwandu hune ruzivo rwavo pane zvavanoita. CRM inodzidzisa vanofambisa ndege kuti vatsvake zvose zviripo zvinowanikwa kana vachiita chisarudzo, uye kwete kuzviita voga. Vatyairi vemabhiza vanogona kushandisa rubatsiro rwevamwe vashandi, vashandi vanomhanya, ATC, mamiriro emamiriro ekunze, uye mazuva ano, vanogona kunyange kudana dhipatimendi ravo rekuchengeta pane foni kana redhiyo.
CRM inodzidzisa vatyairi vechikepe kuti vaite zvinyararire uye zvakakodzera panzvimbo yekutya kana kusagadzikana apo zvisarudzo zvinoda kuitwa. Vashandi vechikoro vanofanira kuziva maitiro avo ane ngozi anogona kukanganisa kusarudza kwakanaka uye kugadzirisa njodzi zvakakodzera.
Risk Management: Vanotyairi vari kudzidziswa iye zvino kuti nzira chete yekudzivirira njodzi dzinobatanidza nekubhururuka ndeyokudzigadzirisa zvakakodzera. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuziva njodzi, kutanga. Vatyairi vengoro vanogadzirisa njodzi nekuziva kuti vanotakura panjodzi dzakadai sokuneta , kurwara kana kushungurudzika, kushanda navo. Mukuwedzera, pane njodzi dzakatipoteredza, dzakadai semamiriro ekunze kana maitiro ekushanda. Kune zviito zvekushanda zvichienderana nekuti nzara inoremerwa zvakadini, kana gwagwa rakanyorova, nezvimwewo. Pilots haagoni kugadzirisa zvinetso izvi, asi vanogona kugadzirisa mugumisiro kuburikidza nekuziva kukwaniswa kwavo, kuperevedzwa kwezvikwata, kupera kwekambani, nezvimwewo.
- Utungamiri: Mutungamiri akanaka akaoma kuwana, asi CRM inogona kudzidzisa vatyairi vemafambisi kuti vaone hutungamiri hwakanaka uye hwakaipa, izvo zvavanogona kuita kana kuti kudzivisa, maererano.
CRM ye Single Pilots (SRM)
Hazvina kutora kwenguva yakareba kuti vatengesi vemabhizimisi vaone kuti kune, zvechokwadi, kubatsira kune CRM kudzidziswa mune zvisikwa zvevashandi. Chinhu chinotevera chakajeka chaifanira kuita ndechokuita maitiro akafanana pane imwe nzvimbo. Mazano mazhinji anowanikwa muRCM aizoratidzawo kushanda kune imwe chete-pilot operation. Imwe-pilot pilot management (SRM) yakagadzirisa nzira ino kupinda mumakambani emakirini ari chiedza uye inokosha yekudzidzira basa rekushanda-pilot IFR, kunyanya.
Pane zvakanakira uye zvisingabatsiri kune imwe chete-pilot operation. Kutanga, semunhu ari oga wejongwe, mutyairi mumwe chete haana munhu anokakavara naye. Havanawo munhu anokonzera pfungwa kubva kune uye hakuna munhu anobatsira mune imwe nguva. Vatyairi vese vasina kukodzera vanofanira kutarisa kune imwe nzvimbo yezviwanikwa, uye vanoda kuziva kuti vanozviita sei zvinobudirira uye vasina kurasikirwa nekuziva mumamiriro ezvinhu, zvikurukuru nekufambira mberi kwe teknolojia yakave yakawanda munguva ichangopfuura. Izvozvi zvigadziri zvemakororo zvemazuva ano mune zvigadzirwa zvemichina (TAA) zvinogona kubatsira zvikuru kune vatyairi vengarava muFRR mamiriro ezvinhu, asi bedzi kana vachidzidza kushandisa mashizha.