Air Airpace, Air Traffic Control uye Teknolojia Inoita Kuti Ishande
Iko kune dzimwe ndege 7 000 mudenga kumusoro kweAmerica panguva imwechete, maererano neFederal Aviation Administration (FAA).
Iyi nhamba inotarisirwa kuti iwedzere kudarika makore 15 anotevera, uye inoramba ichingowedzera kuoma kufanana nendege dzose idzi mune sangano redu rekudenga. Sangano reNeA Rinotevera Gwara rekutakura Air (NextGen) rinopikira kushandura nzvimbo ino yemahara airspace kuti iwedzere kushandiswa kwemhepo, kuderedza kusvibiswa, kuchengetedza mafuta uye kuderedza kunonoka kwechikwata. Kusvikira NextGen yakanyatsogadziriswa, kunyange zvakadaro, yedu yezvino airspace system inofanira kunge yakakwana.
Airspace
I FAA inoronga nzvimbo yekudenga mune imwe yezvikamu zvina:
- Space air control space - nzvimbo yepamhepo inotenderera zvipatara zvinotambudza, pamwe nemigwagwa yendege, uye kupfuura 18 000 mamita. IA FAA inoparadzanisa iyi airspace mumakirasi A, B, C, D uye E airspace, imwe neimwe yakasiyana zvakasiyana nemitemo.
- Mhepo isingadzorwi - nzvimbo ipi zvayo isina kutariswa.
- Special-use airspace - inorambidzwa, inorambidzwa, inyevero uye nzvimbo dzakasvinura, pamwe chete nemabasa ekurwa kwemauto (MOAs).
- Dzimwe nzvimbo -nzvimbo yekushandisa inoshandiswa kwemiganhu yenguva pfupi yebhazi.
Nzvimbo dzekuchengetedza mhepo
Iyo NAS inosanganisira zvinopfuura kungoita tora yekudzora pane imwe nzvimbo yendege yako. Panotiza ndege, mumwe mutyairi achakurukura nevatongi pane imwe neimwe yenzvimbo dzinotevera:
- ARTCC - Mhepo yekudenga pamusoro peUnited States inopatsanurwa kuva 22 makambani emunharaunda, imwe neimwe inotungamirirwa neMweya Road Traffic Control Center, kana ARTCC. Sezvo ndege ichiyambuka muganhu kubva kune imwe nzvimbo yeCARTCC kune imwe, mutungamiri wenharaunda yemhepo anotamisa hutano hwekutaura kune iyo ndege kuenda kumutongi weCARTCC munharaunda inotevera.
- TRACON - Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON) inozivikanwa se "kuswedera" kune vatyairi vemotokari. Apo ndege inoswedera kune imwe ndege, vatungamiri veCARTCC vachaendesa hutsananguro kune mutungamiri we TRACON, uyo achabatsira ndege yacho nokuda kwechikamu chekuuya kwaro.
- ATCT - Vatungamiri munharaunda yemauto emunharaunda (ATCT) vane basa rezvikwata munzvimbo inofambisa ndege yepamutambo. Kana imwe ndege ingopinda munharaunda yemunharaunda yemugwagwa nzvimbo iyo, inoendeswa kune ATCT, apo vatungamiriri vanozotarisira nzira yekupedzisira yekugadzirisa. Ground controllers zvakare chikamu cheAATCT, vachitarisira matekisi uye masuwo emabasa.
- FSS - Ikozvino pane zviteshi zvitanhatu zvebasa rekufambisa (FSS) iri kushanda. Vashandi vekushandira ndege vanobatsira vatyairi vemotokari ne preflight kuronga, mamiriro ekunze, uye mamwe mashoko anoenderana nemutyairi wenzira yekuenda.
Technology
Mukuwedzera kune unyanzvi hwakawanda hwakasiyana-siyana hwave huri kushandiswa kwemakore, shanduro yemabhiza inoenderera mberi inovandudza hutenga hutsva hunoita kuti hurongwa huve hunobudirira, huve nyore uye hunochengetedza vatyairi vevatyairi nevatungamiriri. Pano pane zvishoma zvacho:
- Radar - Ikozvino, iyo NAS inonyanya kunetseka pamamiriro ezvinhu e-radar-based kuti aite zvakanaka. Radar yevhu inounza mafungu eredhiyo, anoratidza ndege. Chiratidzo kubva mundiza yacho zvino chinodudzirwa uye inotumirwa digitally kumakombiyuta emagetsi paCARTCC, TRACON kana ATCT.
- Miridzo yepamusoro - Vatyairi nevatungamiri vanotaurirana zvakananga neVHF (kwazvo-high frequency) uye UHF (ultra-high frequency) radios.
- CPDLC - Controller Pilot Data Link Communications, sezvinoreva zita, ndiyo nzira yevatungamiriri nevatyairi vengarairi kuti vauye kuburikidza ne data link. Iyi nzira yekukurukurirana inonyanya kushandiswa mafirimu uye uye inoderedza radio.
- GPS - Mhando yevashandi vekufamba-famba, Global Positioning System ndiyo nzira yakakosha yeaviation uye nzira dzakakurumbira dzekufambisa ndege uye chingwa nehutu hweprogram yeNextGen.
- ADS-B - Mumakore achangobva kupfuura, chirongwa chinonzi ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast) chakave chichizivikanwa senzira yekubatsira vatyairi vevatyairi nevatongi kuti vawane chinyatsonyatsoona mhepo yekufamba kwemhepo, mamiriro okunze, uye nharaunda panguva yendege.
Inotevera Chizvarwa Chekutakura Kwemhepo
Nhasi mararamiro emitambo yemhepo inotora ndege apo inoda kuenda nenzira yakachengeteka uye yakarongeka, kushandisa teknolojia yekare uye itsva. Kunyange zvazvo sangano redu rekudenga airspace rakashanda zvakanaka kwemakore mazhinji, hazvina kukwana kwehuwandu hwemhepo yekufamba mumhepo nhasi. Tiri kuona mafambiro akawanda, ndege dzinonoka, inopisa mafuta uye yakarasikirwa nemari kupfuura kare kare. Pane tariro, kunyange zvakadaro: Purogiramu yeGenGenGen inofanirwa kuvandudza pane NAS iripo nekuwana nzira yekugadzirisa nehuwandu hwemigwagwa uye kuvandudza hurumende yakawanda.