Dead Reconing and Pilotage
Panyaya yakajeka, kufamba kunopedzwa kuburikidza nemafungiro anozivikanwa sekufa kuverenga uye kuongorora.
Pilotage ishoko rinoreva kushandiswa chete kwemaonero anoonekwa pasi. Mutyairi wacho anotsanangura zviratidzo, zvakadai sehova, maguta, ndege, uye zvivako uye mavhiriji pakati pavo. Dambudziko nebhafambiro ndeyekuti kazhinji, zvinyorwa hazvisi nyore kuonekwa uye hazvigoni kuonekwa zviri nyore mumamiriro ekudzika pasi kana kana mutyairi wacho achibva kunze. Nokudaro, pfungwa yekufa kwekufa yakaiswa.
Kufa kwekufa kunosanganisira kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvinotarisa zvinotarisana pamwe chete nenguva uye maverengero ekufamba. Mutyairi wacho anosarudza zviratidzo zvinoratidzwa zviri nyore kubva mumhepo uye zvinoratidzwa pamepu uye zvino inotarisa nguva inenge yatora kuti ibhururuke kubva pane imwe imwe kuenda kune inotevera kubva pamakwikwi, mhepo, uye mhepo kuverenga. Nhamba yemakombiyuta inofambisa ndege pakushandisa nguva uye maverengi ekufamba uye mutyairi wenguva dzose anoshandisa chirongwa chokugadzira ndege kuti uchengetedze nhamba dzekuverenga panguva yekufamba.
Radio Navigation
Nengarava yakagadzirwa neredhiyo navigation (ID), vatyairi vengoro vanogona kufamba nenzira yakarurama kupfuura yevakafa vanofunga kuti voga. Radiyo NAVAIDS inouya nenzira yakadzika mumamiriro ezvinhu akadzika uye inoita senzira yakakodzera yekuchengetedza vatyairi vengaravheti vanosarudza kufa kufa. Izvo zvakanyanya kunyanya.
Panzvimbo pokubhururuka kubva pakatarisa kusvika kune imwe nzvimbo, vatyairi vengoro vanogona kubhururuka nenzira yakarurama kune "kugadzirisa" kana kuhofisi yepamusoro. Radiyo chaiyo NAVAIDS inobvunzwawo mabasa e IFR.
Kune marudzi akasiyana eredhiyo re NAVAIDS rinoshandiswa mune aviation:
- ADF / NDB: Nzira yepamusoro yevhidhiyo yekufambisa ndiyo ADF / NDB vaviri. NDB inonzi nondirectional radio beacon inomira pasi uye inotora chiratidzo chegetsi kumativi ose. Kana ndege iri yakagadzirirwa inotungamirirwa nharaunda (ADF), icharatidza nzvimbo yendege maererano nechendaneti yeNBB pasi. Chimbo che ADF ndechekuita mutsara wetsvimbo yakaiswa pamusoro pekadhi kambasi-kuratidza. Miseve nguva dzose inotarisa munharaunda yeNNB station, zvinoreva kuti kana mutyairi wacho achitaura ndege iyo iri mberi kwemuseve mune mhepo isina-mhepo, iye achabhururuka zvakananga kuchiteshi.
Iyo ADF / NDB yakave yakapera NAVAID, uye iyo inotarisana nezvikanganiso. Kubvira pakatarisana nheyo-ye--kuona, mutyairi anogona kuverenga zvisiri izvo paanenge achibhururuka munzvimbo ine makomo kana kure kure nechiteshi. Izvo zvinoshandiswawo nekupindira kwegetsi uye inogona kungogadzirisa ndege shoma kamwechete. Vakawanda vari kugadziriswa sezvo GPS inova ndiyo nzira yokutanga yekufamba.
VOR: Pedyo neGPS, urongwa hweVOR ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa NAVAIDS munyika. VOR, yakapfupika yeVHF Omnidirectional Range, i-radio-based NAVAID iyo inoshanda mu-kwazvo-frequency range. VOR zviteshi zviri pasi uye zvinotumira zviratidzo zviviri - rimwe rinopfuurira 360-degree rinotarisa chiratidzo uye imwe chiratidzo chinotungamirira.
Nziyo ye ndege (OBI) inotsanangura musiyano wechitsauko pakati pezviratidzo zviviri uye inoratidza migumisiro seyakatsvaira paB OBI (omni-bearing indicator) kana HSI (yakananga mamiriro emamiriro ezvinhu), zvichienderana neshandiso ipi iyo ndege inoshandisa. Muchikamu chayo chikuru, OBI kana HSI inoratidzira iyo inotonhora kubva panzvimbo yacho iyo ndege iripo uye kana ndege iri kubhururuka ichienda kure kana kure kure nechiteshi.
VORs yakajeka kupfuura NDBs uye haatombogadziri kukanganisa, kunyange zvazvo kugamuchiri kuchiri kutaridzika kune-line-ye-kuona chete.
DME: Kuyera Kurema Imidziyo Ndeimwe ye NAVAIDS yakajeka uye yakakosha kusvika zvino. Iyo nzira inoshandiswa kushandisa shanduri mu ndege kuti ione nguva iyo inotora kuti ive chiratidzo chekuenda kune imwe uye kubva kuchipatara cheDME. DME inotumira paHF frequencies uye inokonzera kureba kwemazera. Mufambisi ari mundiza anoratidza mararamiro ezvimwe zvegumi zvemaire.
Dhorosi imwe chete yeDME inogona kubata kusvika ku100 ndege kamwechete, uye inowanzobatana neVOR zviteshi zvepasi.
- ILS: Chimbo chekugadzirisa zvigadzirwa (ILS) isiri nzira yekushandisa yakashandiswa kutungamirira ndege kusvika kumugwagwa kubva kunzira yekufamba kwechikepe. Inoshandisa zviratidzo zvese zvakasvibiswa uye zvakasvibiswa zvakabva kune imwe nzvimbo iri pamugwagwa. Izvi zviratidzo zvinorambidza kupa mutyairi weruzivo yakakodzera nzvimbo iyo se glideslope - nguva dzose-angle, yakasimudzika kubva kumativi ose kusvika pakuenda kunopera kwemugwagwa. ILS zvirongwa zvinowanzoshandiswa mazuva ano seimwe yenzira dzakarurama kupfuura dzose dziripo.
GPS
Nzvimbo yepasi pose yakagadzirirwa yakave iyo nzira yakakosha yekufamba mune ino yemafiriya yenyika. GPS yakaratidza kuti yakanyatsovimbika uye yakajeka uye inogona kunge yakanyanya kuwanikwa NAVAID inoshandiswa nhasi.
Nyika yose inoshandiswa inoshandisa maStellite eUnited States of Defense eUnited States kuti ipe nharaunda chaiyo yenzvimbo, dzakadai senzvimbo dzezvikwata, nhanho, nekukurumidza, uye kune vatyairi. Iyo GPS inoshandisa katatu kutarisa nzvimbo chaiyo ye ndege iri pamusoro penyika. Kuti ive yakarurama, chirongwa cheG GPS chinofanira kuva nekwanisi yekuunganidza deta kubva ma satellite matatu ekugadzirisa 2-D, uye ma satellites mana ekugadzirisa 3-D.
GPS yakava nzira yakanakisisa yekufamba nenzira yekureva uye nyore kwekushandisa. Kunyange zvazvo pane zvikanganiso zvinoshamwaridzana neGPS, hazvisi nyore. GPS maitiro anogona kushandiswa chero kupi zvako munyika, kunyange mumakomo, uye haawanzoiti kukanganisa kweredhiyo rehana NAVAIDS, yakadai se-line-of-kuona uye magetsi anopindira.
Kushandisa Kushandiswa kwe NAVAIDS:
Vashandi vengarava vanobhururuka pasi pekuona ndege dzemitemo (VFR) kana kuti zvigadzirwa zvemitambo (IFR), zvichienderana nemamiriro ekunze. Pakati pekuonekwa kwemamiriro okunze (VMC), mutyairi angangobhururuka nekushandiswa nekufambisa nekufa achifunga oga, kana kuti angashandisa nzira dzekufambiswa kweredhiyo kana nzira dzekufamba GPS. Kudzika kwekutanga kunodzidziswa mumatangiro ekutanga ekudzidzira ndege.
Mune chigadzirwa meteorological conditions (IMC) kana paanenge achibhururuka IFR, mutyairi achada kuvimba nhumbi dzomugodha, zvakadai seVOR kana GPS system. Nokuti kubhururuka mumakore nekufamba nezviridzwa izvi zvinogona kuva zvinyengeri, mutyairi anofanirwa kuwana FAA Instrument Rating kuti afambe mumamiriro ezvinhu emuMC zviri pamutemo.
Parizvino, FAA iri kusimbisa hutsva kudzidziswa kwevatyairi vengaravheti muzvikwata zvepamusoro-soro (TAA) . TAA nendege dzakashambadza zvigadzirwa zvemhando yepamusoro, seGPS. Kunyange ndege huru yemitambo iri kubuda mufekitari ine yakagadzirwa nemichina mazuva ano. Zvinogona kuvhiringidza uye zvinengozi kune mutyairi kuedza kushandisa mapurogiramu emazuva ano epamberi mu-ndege kunze kwekuwedzera kudzidziswa, uye ikozvino FAA maitiro ekudzidzisa haana kuchengetedza nyaya iyi.
Sangano re FAA rakagadziriswa reFITS rakagadzirisa dambudziko racho, kunyange zvazvo chirongwa chacho chichiri chido.