ETOPS, kana Kuwedzerwa Kushanda kana Kushandiswa Kwakaitwa Twin , rinotsanangura rudzi rwekushanda umo vatakuri vemhepo vanobvumirwa kubhururuka mararamiro akareba pamusoro penzvimbo iyo nzvimbo dzomumigwagwa uye nzvimbo dzekugara dzisinganyanyi, semigwagwa yakareba pamusoro pegungwa (kunyange zvazvo ETOPS isingagumi oceanic ndege.) Vatakuri vemhepo vangangodaro vaitambidzwa neFAR Chikamu 121.161, icho chinoisa mvumo kune vatakuri vemhepo pane dzimwe nzira, uye ETOPS iri ropafadzo inowedzera kana kusunungurwa kubva mumutemo wakanyorwa wakagadzwa ne FAA inoratidzwa muFAR Chikamu 121.161 ( ona pasi apa).
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ETOPS Inotsanangurwa
Mune AC-120-42B , FAA inotsanangura ETOPS se:
Nhandare yemapurisa yendege panguva iyo chikamu chekuendesa ichiitwa kupfuura maminitsi makumi matanhatu kubva kuhandare yakakwana ye ndege ine turbine-injini ine injini mbiri, uye kupfuura maminitsi 180 emagetsi anotakura vatakureti vane injini anopfuura maviri . Iyi kureba inosarudza kushandisa imwe yakagamuchirwa-injini inoperative cruise speed pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu emukati mukati mhepo.
Muchidimbu, ETOPS yakauya semugumisiro weFAR Chikamu 121.161 kuitira kuti zvibvumire ndege kuti dzifambire nzira dzaizodaro dzichipesana nemitemo yeChikamu 121.
CFR Chikamu 121.161
Kunyanya, CFR Chikamu 121.161 inotaura zvinotevera:
"... hapana chikwata chinogona kushandisa ndege inochengetedzwa neine turbine pamusoro penzira ine chinyorwa:
Kubva pane nguva yekubhururuka kubva kune Yakafambiswa Nzvimbo Yenharaunda (pane imwe nguva injini inoperative cruise speed mumamiriro ezvinhu akadai mumhepo iripo) yemaminitsi 60 ye ndege mbiri-injini kana maminitsi 180 kune ndege inotakura vanhu vane injini inopfuura mairi. "
Pakutanga, ETOPS yakanyorwa yakashandiswa kurondedzera chikamu chechikamu 121 chete neine injini mbiri. Kubvira pakatanga, mitemo ye ETOPS yakawedzerwa kunosanganisira chero ipi neipi, matatu kana ina-injini ndege dzinotakura vatengesi kuti dzibhadzwe pane imwe nzvimbo umo zvikwata zvepamusoro zvisingasviki pamutemo we FAA , saka chirevo chechinyorwa chinoshanduka kubva kune "maitiro maviri akawedzerwa" chete "mabasa akawedzerwa."
Kutanga muna 1936, mutyairi kana mumwe munhu aifanira kuratidza kuti kune nzvimbo yakakodzera yekugadzirisa minda anenge anenge makiromita zana nemugwagwa. Apo CFR Chikamu 121.161 chakasimbiswa muna 1953, vashandi vezvikwata vaifanira kuongorora nzvimbo yekugara mumaminitsi makumi matanhatu emugwagwa wavo. Iine ndege nhatu neine-injini, mitemo yakaramba ichishandurwa kuitira kuti vafambisi vafambe vachibudirira zvakanaka pavanenge vachichengetedza nhandare yekuchengetedza ndege kana injini ikakundikana.
Chibvumirano chekutanga cheECTS chakapiwa kuna TWA muna 1985, gore rimwechete FAA yakatanga kubvumira ndege mbiri-injini kuwedzera kusvika kumaminitsi makumi maviri ekuparadzanisa nguva. Yakazoendeswa mberi zvakare kusvika kumaminitsi makumi mapfumbamwe nemakumi matatu muna 1988.
Nhasi, mutemo we ETOPS wemaminitsi 240 unogamuchirwa mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu majetsiti matatu uye mana-injini. Boeing ndiye aiva wokutanga kuwana ETOPS-240 chiziviso chezvikepe zveBoing 777.
Kana iri ndege ipi yekubudirira kubudirira pasi pemitemo ye ETOPS, inofanirwa kubvumidzwa uye inogamuchirwa ne FAA kutanga. Nzira yekubvumirwa ye ETOPS inotsanangurwa munheyo yeruzivo 120-42B.
Zvitakure zvinoshandisa twin-injini ndege dzinogona kushanda ye ETOPS chiyeuchidzo mune ipi zvayo inotevera, maererano AC-120-42B:
- Maminitsi 75 ETOPS
- Maminitsi 90 ETOPS
- Maminitsi 120 ETOPS
- 138-minute ETOPS
- Maminitsi 180 ETOPS
- Maminitsi 207 ETOPS
- Maminitsi 240 ETOPS (kune imwe nzvimbo yenharaunda)
- 240 + miniti ETOPS (yakavakirwa pamataundi maviri eguta)