Chisungo chechipiri-Kusakwanisa kuteerera mutemo kana mutemo
Text .
"Munhu chero upi zvaanoteerera chitsauko ichi uyo-
(1) inoputsa kana kukundikana kuteerera chero mutemo wepamutemo wepamutemo kana mutemo;
(2) ane ruzivo rwezvimwe zvirevo zvinotenderwa zvakabudiswa nhengo yehondo, iyo inomutoro wekuteerera, inokundikana kuteerera mutemo; kana
(3) inokanganisa mukuita kwemabasa ake; acharangwa semhosva-gamba rinogona kutungamirira. "
Elements.
(1) Kupesana kana kukundikana kuteerera mutemo wepamutemo kana mutemo .
(a) Kuti pane zvaive zviripo kune imwe mvumo yepamutemo yepamutemo kana mutemo;
(b) Kuti uyo akapomerwa aiva nebasa rekuteerera; and
(c) Kuti akapomerwa akanganisa kana kutadza kuteerera mutemo kana mutemo.
(2) Kukundikana kuteerera mumwe mutemo wakagamuchirwa .
(a) kuti nhengo yeuto rehondo yakabudisa chimwe chirevo chepamutemo;
(b) Kuti uyo anopomerwa akanga ane ruzivo rwehutano;
(c) Kuti uyo akapomerwa aiva nebasa rekuteerera mutemo; and
(d) Kuti uyo akapomerwa akakundikana kuteerera mutemo.
(3) Kusarudzwa mukuita mabasa .
(a) Kuti anopomerwa aiva nemimwe mabasa;
(b) Kuti anopomerwa aiziva kana kuti anofanirwa kunge akaziva nezvemabasa; and
(c) Kuti uyo anopomerwa aiva (nemaune) (kuburikidza nekuregererwa kana kukanganisa kusagadzikana) kusagadzikana mukuita kweiyo mabasa.
Tsanangudzo.
(1) Kupesana kana kukundikana kuteerera mutemo wepamutemo kana mutemo .
(a) Nheyo dzemitemo kana mitemo ndiyo iyo mirairo kana mitemo inowanzoshandiswa kune rimwe boka rehondo rinonyatsodhindwa neMutungamiri kana Munyori weZviviri, wekutakura, kana yebazi rehondo, uye iyo mirairo kana mitemo inoshandiswa kumutemo yemukuru anovabudisa mukati memurairo kana kugoverwa kwacho kwakabudiswa ne:
(b) Mutemo wakazara kana mutemo wakabudiswa nemukuru wehurumende ane simba pasi peChitsauko 92 (1) unoramba uine hurumende kana hurumende kana mumwe mupurisa anotora murairo, kusvikira yapera nemashoko ayo kana kuti akadziviswa nemabasa akasiyana, kunyange kana iyo yakabudiswa nemukuru mukuru ari mukuru kana mureza wehurumende mumurairo uye murairo inofungidzirwa nomumwe mukuru wehurumende asiri mukuru kana mureza wepeti .
(c) Mutemo mukuru kana mutemo unobvumirwa nemutemo kunze kwekuti unopesana neMutemo, mitemo yeUnited States, kana kuti inobvumirwa nepamutemo kune dzimwe nzvimbo kana kuti pane imwe chikonzero haisi yepamutemo wehutungamiri anopa. Ona nyaya yekuteerera mutemo mundima 14c (2) (a) .
(d) Zivo . Zivo yehutungamiri huzhinji kana mutemo haufaniri kutaurirwa kana kuonekwa, sezvo ruzivo harusi chinhu chechivi ichi uye kusava nezivo hakuiti kudzivirirwa.
(e) Kumanikidza . Hasi zvikamu zvose muhutungamiri kana mitemo zvinogona kusimbiswa pasi peChitsauko 92 (1). Mitemo iyo inongopa chete mazano-mazano kana mazano ekuita mabasa ehondo angasakwanikidzwa pasi peChitsauko 92 (1).
(i) mupurisa ane jeri rezvematongerwo enyika;
(ii) mutungamiri mukuru kana mureza mukutungamirira; kana
(iii) mutungamiriri mukuru kune (i) kana (ii).
(2) Kupesana kana kukundikana kuteerera chimwe chirevo chepamutemo .
(a) Kuwedzera . Chisungo chechipiri (2) chinosanganisira zvimwe zvose zvinotenderwa zvinogona kubudiswa nenhengo yevarwi, kuputsa kwaro hakukwanisi kutongwa pasi peChitsauko 90 , 91 , kana 92 (1). Inosanganisira kukanganisa mitemo yakanyorwa isiri mitemo yakawanda. Onawo ndima inotevera (1) (e) pamusoro apa inoshanda.
(b) Zivo . Kuti ave nemhosva yemhosva iyi, munhu anofanira kunge akave nezivo chaiyo yehutano kana mutemo. Zivo yechirongwa ichi inogona kuratidzwa nemuongorori hwemamiriro ezvinhu.
(c) Basa rekuteerera kuraira .
(i) kubva kune mukuru . Nhengo yehondo imwe yehondo ine mukuru mukukwanisa kuve nhengo yeimwe hondo yakashongedzerwa ndiye mukuru kune iyo nhengo ine simba rekubudisa mirairo iyo iyo nhengo ine basa rekuteerera pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akafanana sekugadzwa kwevakuru vehondo imwe yehondo uyo akakurudzirwa mukuru weimwe nhengo ye-imwe yehondo ine simba nekuda kweZvirevo 89 , uye 90 . Ona ndima 13c (1) .
(ii) Kubva kune imwe kwete mukuru . Kukundikana kuteerera mutemo wepamutemo weumwe kwete mukuru kune mhosva kune pasi peChitsauko 92 (2), zvakapiwa kuti akapomerwa aive nebasa rekuteerera urongwa, hwakadai sewakabudiswa nemutungamiri kana nhengo yevarwi vehondo.
Ona ndima 15b (2) , kana urongwa hwacho hwakabudiswa nehurumende, kusagadziriswa, kana mukuru muhofisi.
(3) Kusarudzwa mukuita mabasa .
(a) Basa . Basa rinogona kuiswa musungano, mutemo, mutemo, mutemo wepamutemo, kushandiswa kwemaitiro, kana tsika yebasa racho.
(b) Zivo . Zvechokwadi ruzivo rwemabasa runogona kuratidzirwa nehumwe uchapupu huripo. Zvechokwadi ruzivo harufaniri kuratidzirwa kana munhu wacho achifanira kunge akaziva nezvemabasa. Izvi zvinogona kuratidzwa nemitemo, kudzidziswa kana mabhuku anoshanda, tsika dzebasa, mabhuku ezvidzidzo kana uchapupu, huchapupu hwevanhu avo vane nzvimbo dzakadaro kana dzakakwirira, kana uchapupu hwakafanana.
(c) Kudzvinyirira . Munhu ari kukanganisa mukuita kwebasa apo munhu iyeye nemaune kana kuti asingatenderi anokundikana kuita mabasa omurume iyeye kana kana munhu iyeye achiita nenzira isina kukodzera. "Nechido" zvinoreva zvinangwa. Ndiri kutaura nezvekuita kwechiito chichiziva uye chinangwa, kunyanya chinangwa mitezo chaiyo uye inogoneka yechiito chacho. "Kusina hanya" zvinoreva chiito kana kusakoshesa kwomumwe munhu ari pasi pebasa rekushandira zvakakodzera izvo zvinoratidza kusakwanisa kwekutarisira kwakadaro uyo munhu anonzwisisa angave akashandisa pasi zvimwechete kana mamiriro akafanana. "Kusagadzikana kwemaitiro" kusina kukwanisa kusina kunzwisisika kana kungozvidavirira.
(d) kusaziva . Munhu haasi kukanganisa mukuita kwebasa kana kusakwanisa kuita mabasa iwayo kunokonzerwa nekusaziva panzvimbo yekuda, kusaregerera, kana kukanganisa kusagadzikana, uye hazvikwanisi kutongwa pasi pechinyorwa ichi, kana kuti zvimwe kurangwa. Semuenzaniso, muchengeti akaedza zvakasimba panguva yekudzidzira pfuti uye muhuwandu hwekufambisa zvinyorwa haasi kukanganisa mukuita kwebasa kana muchengeti asingakwanisi kubhadhara nhumbi.
Zviduku zvinosanganisira kukanganisa.
Chinyorwa 80- nguva
(1) Kupesana kana kukundikana kuteerera mutemo mukuru wepamutemo kana mutemo . Kusunungurwa kusinganzwisisiki, kukanganiswa kwemari yose uye zvipo, nekuvharirwa kwemakore maviri.
(2) Kuparadzana kwekukundikana kuteerera imwe mvumo yepamutemo . Kuipa kwemitambo yekudzikisa, kukanganiswa kwebhadharo yese uye zvipo, nekuvharirwa kwemwedzi 6.
Cherechedza: Nokuti (1) uye (2), pamusoro, chirango chakaiswa hachibatsiri mumatambudziko anotevera: kana pasina mutemo kana mutemo wakaputsika kana kusateerera mutongi waizopererwa pane zvimwechetezvo kugutsikana kwechimwe chikanganiso chakakonzerwa nechirango chiduku; kana kana kukanganisa kana kukundikana kuteerera kunopesana kwekudziviswa kunogadziriswa semugumisiro wekuraira. Mune zviitiko izvi, chirango chakanyanya ndechokuti zvakanyatsorongerwa zvimwe kune izvozvi kukanganisa.
(3) Kusarudzwa mukuita mabasa .
(A) Nokusazvidza kana kutadza kukanganisa . Kutsiwa kwezvikamu zviviri kubva kune zvitatu kuripa mwedzi kwemwedzi mitatu nekuvharirwa kwemwedzi mitatu.
(B) Kuda . Kuipa kwemitambo yekudzikisa, kukanganiswa kwebhadharo yese uye zvipo, nekuvharirwa kwemwedzi 6.
Nyaya Inotevera > Chinyorwa 93 -Cruelty uye kusatambudza>
Pamusoro peNhoroondo kubva kuBhuku reMatare Martial, 2002, Chitsauko 4, Ndima 16