MOPP Nharaunda 4 Gear uye Chimiro uye Biological Weapons Dambudziko
Kemikari hondo yevarwi inopisa mishonga inogona kubudisa zvinogumbura, kuita zvinhu kana nzvimbo dzisingaverengeki, uye zvinokonzera rufu.
Kuoma kwekukuvadzwa kunoenderana neshoko remujeri, kuongororwa kwemuenzi anoshandiswa, uye nzira yekuparidzirwa.
Aina dzeChitachi Agents
IUnited States Military inoratidzira inouraya makemikari hondo yehondo muzvikamu zvina:
- Nerve Agents: Mishonga inorwisa hutachiona hwehutano uye hunochinja hutachiona hwekutonga, maonero, mwoyo, uye mapapu. Dhipatimendi reZviviri (DOD) inofunga kuti iyi ndiyo inonyanya kukosha yemakemikari anoshandiswa iyo inogona kushandiswa kurwisana nevashandi vemauto veUnited States vari kurwisana.
- Blister Agents: Blister vanorwisa vanoparadza uye vanoparadza zvisikwa zvemasero zvinokonzera kutsamwa, kuvhiringidza, uye blisters yakaoma. Izvi zvinowedzera kukanganisa kuwedzera mukana wehutachiona uye zvingaguma zvichikonzera rufu. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, marwadzo uye blisters hazvigone kuitika kusvikira kwenguva refu mushure mekuonekwa.
- Vashandi Vanokanganisa: Vanokonzera choking vanokonzera kutsamwa nekuputika kwebhonochi uye mapapu. Kana chikamu chakakwana chinopinda mumapapu, mvura inogona kuungana ipapo. Rufu runokonzerwa nokushayikwa kweokisijeni.
- Nhengo dzeRopa: Ropa rinoparadza mweya ye oxygen-yega ropa. Ava vashandi vanotsanya-mhanya vanobva vabuda nokukurumidza mumhepo asi vanouraya zvikuru. Nhengo dzeRopa dzinokanganisawo maskiti, saka mafikisi anofanirwa kuchinjwa nokukurumidza sezvinobvira mushure mekushongedzwa kwejenisi reropa.
Kuendeswa uye Zvigadzirwa Zvepanyama
Makemikari anoshandiswa anogona kubudiswa nemapuranga emapuranga, mabhoti, mabhomba, grenades, migodhi, mapiritsi epamberi, uye zvombo.
Uyezve, inogona kusvibiswa kubva mumhepo, pasi, uye nemotokari yemvura kana kuti inoshandiswa zvakasvibiswa kusvibisa zvokudya nemvura. Maitiro akasiyana-siyana emakemikari anosanganisira anosanganisira:
Gasi uye Vapors. Gasi nemhepo zvinowanzooneka zvisingaonekwi. Zvisinei, gasi makore anogona kuonekwa kwenguva pfupi mushure mokunge vasunungurwa kana munzvimbo dzisinganyatsofambisa mweya kuti vadzidzise. Nzira yavo yepamusoro yekupinda ndiyo kuburikidza nemapfupa ekufema, kunyange zvazvo mamwe mazamu ari mukutakura kwakanyanya anogona kupinda mukati maziso uye pachena. Gasi uye mapapu zvinogona kuramba zvichisvika maawa akawanda, uye zvakanyanya kukura zvinowanikwa munzvimbo dzakadzika-dzika, nzvimbo dzakafa dzemhepo dzakadai sezvivako, mapako, makanda, makanda, uye nzvimbo dzine matanda.
Liquids. Mishonga inogadzirisa inogona kujeka kusvika kune rima muvara uye ine visikiti yemafuta akanaka emafuta; mazai ane simba anogona kunge akafanana nemotokari yemafuta. Maikemikisi anoshandiswa mumvura yakadzika anogona kuva akaoma zvikuru kuona neziso risina kumira. Nzira inonyanya kuvimbika yekuona uye kujekesa mishonga yemvura uye blister agents ndiyo M8 chemical detector paper. Pakupedzisira, vagadziri vemvura vanosunungura mhepo inopisa inogona kuvharwa uye inogona kuramba ichibudirira kwemazuva mazhinji.
Solids (Powders). Vamwe vashandi vanosunungurwa mupeji yeupfu.
Vanokwanisa kupinda mumuviri kuburikidza neganda kana kuti vanyorove. Agent muvhu-sechimiro chinosunungurwa mumamiriro ezvinhu emamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana-siyana uye inogona kuramba ichibudirira kwevhiki dzakawanda. Aya "guruva" mazamu akaoma kuona kunze kwekudonha. Imwe yaonekwa, inogona kuodzwa ne 5 muzana chlorine bleach solution.
Zvidziviriro Zvishandiso zveMakemikari Warfare
Pasinei nemhando, maitiro, kana nzira yekuzvidzivirira, yakanakisisa yekudzivirirwa kunopesana nemakemikari zvinokonzerwa nemasikisi uye makemikari-kudzivirira pamwe. IUnited States Masoja ane zvigadzirwa zvakanakisisa zvakasungirirwa chero kupi zvako munyika, uye kana zvichishandiswa zvakanaka, zvinodzivirira kupikisa muvengi wemakemikari kana kurwisa kwezvisikwa.
Iyo masikisi ndiyo yekutanga yezvidziviriro zvekudzivirira. Kana yakanyatsopfeka, inodzivirira chiso, meso, uye kupemha kunopesana nevose vanozivikanwa nemakemikari uye biological agents.
Mukuwedzera kune masikisi, boka rekuchengetedza makemikari rinoshandiswa neHondo reUnited States rinosanganisira yekemikari yepamusoro (bheti uye jekete), mask-hood, magasivha anodzivirira, uye zvidziviriro zvinodzivirira.
Gasi reGasi Mask
Gasi masikisi haasi matsva kuhondo. Hondo yeGasi masks yakatanga kushandiswa muhukuru munguva yeHondo Yenyika Yenyika Yokutanga kudzivirira masoja kubva kune gasi. Gasi dzine chepfu dzakaratidzwa senzira yekugumisa kuguma kweWestern Front. Mazana emakemikari anoshandiswa akashandiswa kuWestern Front aiva gasayadhi gesi (blister agent) uye chlorine gas (choking agent). Kubva panguva iyo kusvikira ikozvino magasi masks ave akawandisa chikamu chezvigadzirwa zvemunhu weuto remuuto sehupfuti, chikwama chemafuta, uye helmet.
Kazhinji, masikisi emagetsi anovakwa kubva pamapurasitiki asina kuvharidzirwa asina kuvharidzirwa, vamwe vane chipinda chekuchengetedza mukati-chakafukidza musoro. Ipurasitiki yakagadzirwa nejubheri yakagadzirirwa kuita chisimbiso chisina kupindira pane ganda. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, bvudzi remaziso rinokonzera njodzi ye "bad seal" uye inofanira kudziviswa (ichi ndicho chikonzero chikuru chekuti Navy yakashandura mitemo yayo uye yakarambidzwa ndebvu).
Masikisi emagetsi anoshandisa mafikisi anogadziriswa emarasha anopisa mvura, aerosol uye mhepo inopisa kubva mumhepo yakasvibiswa. Gesi mask filters vane upenyu hushoma. Dzinofanirwa kuchinjwa kana dzichikuvadzwa, dzichibudiswa pamvura / unyoro, mushure mekunge yakatarwa nguva yekutaridzika munzvimbo yakasvibiswa, mushure mekushandiswa kwenguva refu mune imwe nzvimbo isina kusvibiswa, kana kana "mararamiro" avo apera.
Ivharo Yechekudzivirira
Mazimbe akaiswa mucheka wechipfuti ndeyeti-permeable uye anofanirwa kupfeka zvipfeko zvehondo zvepanyika. Iyo michina inoshanda nenzira yakafanana nenzira yegasi mask's respirator filter, kubvisa tsvina uye zvinosvibisa.
Chirasi chisingagadziriswi chinoita kuti rimwe jira risatiza. Ivhajiyo inodzivirira kune zvinodhaka uye makemikisi mumvura inonaya, mafungu uye aerosol fomu. Nemhaka yokuti chigadziko chacho hachina kuvharidzirwa, hachigoni kuchengetedza munhu anogunzva zvinwiwa, uye mvura yakasviba kana yakazara (zvichida nemvura, mvura yemakemikari kana kubva kumusiya womuviri wake) inoshandiswa uye inofanira kuchinjwa.
Kufanana nemasikisi, zvipfeko zvakagadzirirwa kuva neupenyu hushoma uye hunofanirwa kuchinjwa mushure mekugadziriswa kana kupfeka nguva.
Overboots uye Glove
NBC iripo (nuclear, biological, chemicals) inodzivirira uye magirafu inovakwa kubva pamapurasitiki asingasviki uye anovharwa pamabhodhoro ehondo uye makotini. Glove kuwanda kunogona kuve kwakasiyana-siyana nokuda kwekushanda zvinoda apo kukanganisika kuripo.
Zvinosuruvarisa, nepo United States Military chemic-defense yakagadzikana inopa huwandu hwekudzivirirwa, inogonawo kuderedza basa nekurwisana nekubudirira kuburikidza nekukanganisa maonero, kunzwa, uye kukanganisa. Inogona kukonzera kushungurudzika kwepfungwa uye kupera kwekuneta panguva yekushanda zvakaoma mukati mekushisa kunodziya. Ndiyo apo MOPP Level dzeMasoja dzinotanga kupinda.
Nhanganyaya yeMapp Level MOPP
MOPP inomiririra "Mission-Oriented Protective Postures." MOPP maitiro anobvumira vatungamiri kuti vawedzere maitiro avo ekuchengetedza anovakirwa nekutyisidzira kwekuuya kwekuuya nekuita mabasa kuburikidza nekuenzanisa nekuenderera mberi kwemashoko nekuchengetedzwa kwesimba. Nemhaka yekuti MOPP maitiro akaenzaniswa uye anonzwisiswa nyore, vatungamiriri vanogona kuchinja kudzivirirwa kunonoka pasina tsanangudzo refu. Vatungamiri vanogona kusimudza kana kudzivirira kudzivirira kuburikidza nematanho matanhatu, MOPP nhare 0 kuburikidza neMOPP level Alpha.
Kudzivirirwa kwomunhu mumwe nomumwe kunowedzera kubva kuMOPP nhamba 0, uko chete magwaro ekuchengetedza (web gear, helmete, uye mavhiri anowanikwa zviripo) yakasakara uye makemikari-kudzivirira midziyo inochengetedzwa pedyo, kuMOPP level 4, apo midziyo yose yekudzivirira inopera. MOPP level Alpha inoda vanhu kuti vashandise masikisi avo uye magasi uye vanoshandiswa sekuchengetedzwa mune zvimwe zviitiko mushure mekunge rudzi rwekusvibiswa rwakatemwa.
Mhinduro yekuwedzera MOPP Levels
Sezvo MOPP mazinga uye gear inodzivirira inoda kuwedzerwa, kubudirira kweumwe munhu kunoderera semugumisiro. Kunyange zvazvo zvishoma zvisingakwanisi kuva chemakemikari kuurayiwa, zvinetso zvekupisa zvakanyanya. Vasina Kushandira Mahofisi (NCOs) uye Mahofisi muMasoja eUnited States vave vakadzidziswa kuita basa rakanaka nekuzorora kwemaitiro avo "mauto" avo anocherechedzwa kuti atungamirire hutambo hwehutano hwemuviri panguva yemakemikari kana yehupenyu hwehondo.
Kunetseka kwemvura zvakare chirwere chakakomba apo vanhu vanoshanda munzvimbo dzakadzikama pavanenge vakapfeka kemikari-kudzivirira pamwe. Vanhu vanowanzo kunwa kugutsa nyota inonzwisisika panzvimbo pokusangana nezvinodiwa zvavo zvepanyama. Achiziva izvi, veUnited States vanodzidzisa varwi vavo havamiriri kuti vave nenyota vasati vanwa. Nhengo dzemasoja dzinodzidziswa kunwa nguva dzose apo dziri mune MOPP kuti dziwedzere kushanda kwavo uye kuti dzirege kuva kushaya kupisa, uye NCOs uye Mahofisi vanocherechedza uye vanotungamirira vanhu vavo kuti vanwe mvura yakatarwa yakawanda kana vasingatsvaki kunwa zvakakwana. Iko masikisi chaizvoizvo ane bhuti rinogona kushandiswa kunwa kubva pane chibatanidzi pane canteen lid, zvichibvumira nhengo dzehondo kuti dzirambe dzichinwa mvura kunyange munzvimbo yakasvibiswa.
Kuratidzwa kweMOPP Levels
MOPP Nhanho 0. MuMOPP Nhamba 0, masikisi inopfekedzwa mumutakuri kune chikwata chemuuto. Ikemikari-gadziviriro inopihwa, yakagadzirirwa, uye inowanika kuitira kuti nhengo yacho inogona kuiwana mumaminitsi mashanu. MOPP Nhanho 0 inoshandiswa panguva dzekuwedzera kukurumidza apo muvengi ane kemikari / bhizimusi basa rekushandisa, asi hapana chinoratidza kushandiswa mune ramangwana rekupedzisira.
MHURI Nharaunda 1. Munharaunda iyi, chimiro chekasiki (bhandi uye jekete) zvakasakara, uye zvimwe zvese zvinoshandiswa. MOPP Nhamba 1 inoshandiswa kana yakagadzirirwa kuti makemikari / kurwisa kwezvakakonzera pamitambo yemabasa inobvira.
MOPP Nhamba 2. MuMOPP Nhamba 2, kupfeka kwepamusoro kunoputika, uye zvipfeko zvinoputika. Iyo masikisi, hood, uye magirafu anotakurwa mumasikisi-anotakura, akasungirirwa kuhudyu. MOPP Nhamba 2 inotangwa apo makemikari / kurwisa kwechigoni kunogona kuitika.
MOPP Nhamba 3. Muchikwata ichi cheMOPP, kupfeka, mask / hood, uye zvipfeko zvinoputika, asi magasivha ekudzivirira anogona kutakurwa. MOPP Nhamba 3 inoshandiswa mushure memikemikari yakashandiswa nemuvengi, asi munzvimbo dzine dambudziko risingakoshi.
MOPP Level 4. Zvinhu zvose zvakasakara. Izvi zvinoshandiswa panguva / shure kwekurwiswa apo zvombo zvemakemikari zvakashandiswa kana kuti zvinoshushwa.
MOPP Nhamba Alpha. Iyo masikisi, hood, uye magirazi zvakapfeka, asi chifukidzo chekudzivirira hachisi. MOPP Level Level Alpha inonzi chete mune dzimwe mamiriro ezvinhu, akadai apo inopera kubva pakusava nemhepo inopisa mhepo, kana mukati mezvivako kana ndege.
Kusvibiswa Kuzvidzivirira
Kuda kumakemikari kana maitiro (CB) hondo dzinogona kuitika panguva uye shure kwekurwa; saka, US Vashandi vemauto vanodzidziswa kushandiswa zvakanyanyisa kuderedza kupararira kwekusvibiswa. Chero pose pazvinenge zvichibvira, zvigadziriswa zvakadai sezvikwata, motokari, nemidziyo zvinodzivirirwa kubva pakusvibiswa nekuisa pasi pepachivharo muarerare, mashizha, kana zvimwe zvivako, kana kuvadzikidza nemapuranga epurasitiki kana kuti mvura isina mvura isina kumboitika. Kana ichichengeterwa muchivako kana tende, vashandi vanorayirwa kuchengetedza mahwindo, magonhi, zvinyoro, nezvimwewo, zvakapfigwa paakaziviswa nezvekurwiswa kwechirwere uye mushure mekurwisa kusvikira vakazivisa kuti njodzi hadzipo.
Mukuwedzera pakushandisa zvipfeko zvekudzivirirwa uye midziyo, kunzwisisa kunobatanidzwa basa guru pakushanda munzvimbo dzakasvibiswa. Vashandi vanodzidziswa kuti vasapfugama, vakagara, kana kufamba munzvimbo dzakasvibiswa kana zvichibvira, uye kuti varege kubata chero kunze kwekunge zvakakodzera. Apo iyo mvumo inobvumira, mapoka achaendeswa kuno kuzoona nekucherechedza nzvimbo dzakasvibiswa. Hondo yeUnited States ine makemikari akazvidzivirira emakemikari anozogadzirisa zvigadziriro uye nzvimbo dzenyika, kana dambudziko rakaziviswa uye riripo.
Vashandi Kurambidza
Kana ikemikari inosvika paganda kana mudziyo unodzivirira, inofanira kubviswa pakarepo. Vamwe vamiririri vanokurumidza-kuita uye vanogona kukanganisa mune imwe nyaya yemaminitsi. Nhamba yekukuvadzwa kunokonzerwa nekemikisi inowedzera iyo yakasara paganda. Mauto anotaura nezvevanhu vakagadziriswa vashandi vanokonzera mitsara inonzi M291 uye M295 mumwe munhu akadzikisa kits. Iyo ndiyo nzira inobatsira zvikuru yekubvisa makemikari anoshandiswa kubva paganda.
Mukusabatwa kwekodhi yekuzvidzivirira kwemunhu, varwi vanogona kushandisa 5 muzana chlorine bleach nzira yekubvisa kemikemikari kubva mumishini uye 0.5 muzana yekugadzirisa vashandi kubva paganda. Maziso anowanzoshungurudzika paanenge aine ruzivo uye ane blister agents. Kana mumwe wevashandi ava achiuya mumaziso, varwi vanodzidziswa kudiridza nemvura. US Vashandi veMasoja vanobudiswawo mushupiti wemaanti antidotes uye vakadzidziswa kuvashandisa, kana zvichidiwa.
Decontamination Powder. Kudonhedzera kupisa kunogadzirirwa neuto rekudzikisa masimba edzimba uye zvishandiso zvemunhu kubva kuNBC vashandi vemuzimbe. Iyo pfupa inowanzova pasi yakaisvonaka kuti ipe iyo yakawanda nzvimbo, zvichiita kuti ive inobudirira kwazvo adsorbent. Kazhinji, izvo zvinonyanya kukosha zvinokonzerwa nekriside yeakisi uye magnesium oxide iyo inopa zvose kugadzirisa uye kusagadzirisa zvinhu.
Chemical Detection Paper. Kemikari yekuona chimiro inogona kuona nekuona ndege ine makemikari yehondo. Iyo pepa inonamatirwa sechechi kumakemikari-kudzivirirwa pamusoro-soro uchishandiswa kutsigisa kana kuvhara se-Velcro-like bonding material. Iyo pepa inogadziriswa nedhayi inonzwisiswa kumarudzi akasiyana emakemikari warfare agent uye icharatidza kuti ndeupi rudzi rwemujeri uripo muhutano hunoenderana nehutende.
Nerve Agent Antidote. Vamiririri vezvokurapa vanokonzera mishonga yekudzivirira maitiro uye kufungidzira munguva yekugadzirira kukuru. Iyo yepamusoro mishonga inorwisa antidote inject-muscular injector ine cocktail ye oxime uye atropine. Uyezve, vamiririri vezvokurapa vanobudisa pyridostigmine mabromdi mapiritsi kana rudzi rwakakodzera rwemishonga inogadzirirwa kuti rwushandiswe. Nhengo dzehondo dzinotora mahwendefa aya, isati yasvika, apo inotungamirirwa nepamusoro-soro. Aya mahwendefa, kana akabatanidzwa nemishonga inorwisa, anogadzirisa zvinokonzerwa nemamwe marudzi emishonga inopisa chepfu.
Biological Attacks
Mukuwedzera kumakemikari okurwisa, Hondo yeUnited States inogadzirirawo kurwiswa kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvinokonzerwa nehupenyu, izvo zviri kurarama zvipenyu zviduku zvinokonzera zvirwere kuvanhu, mhuka, kana michero, kana kuti kuita kuti zvinhu zviwande. Izvi zvinogona kushandiswa zvakananga kukonzera zvirwere zvakadai seanthrax, kolera, denda, kana diphtheria, kana kuti zvisina kukanganisa kuparadzira zvirimwa nekuderedza zvokudya. Zvirwere izvi zvinopararira munzira dzakasiyana-siyana kusanganisira kuisa mbeu dzakasvibirira kana mhuka, kurumirwa kubva kune mhuka dzinotapukirwa uye zvipembenene kana kubatanidza zviduku. Zvisikwa zvipenyu zvinoshandiswa muhupenyu hwehondo zvinosanganisira mabhakitiriya, rickettsiae, fungi, uye mavairasi (anowanzozivikanwa sezvirwere). Vanopinda mumuviri, kubereka, uye kukunda kudzivirirwa kwomuviri. Biological agents uye makemikari agents vanowanzoparidzirwa nenzira imwecheteyo.
Iyo masikisi inogona kupa kudzivirirwa kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakagadzirwa nemhepo. Chimwe chezvidziviriro zvakanakisisa pakurwisa zvipenyu ndezvekudzivirira muviri kurwara. Kuramba uri mumuviri wepamusoro uye kuchengeta mitemo yakakwirira yehutsanana hwevanhu pachako kunobatsira mapurisa kubatsira kubatsira kuderedza kupararira kwezvirwere. Nhengo dzemasoja dzinogara dzichirongwa munguva (uye shure) dzidzo yepamusoro yezvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana. Uyezve, nhengo dzehondo dzinoendesa kunzvimbo dzinonzi "inotyisa kwazvo" yezvigadzirwa zvehupenyu, inogamuchira chirwere che anthrax uye chirwere chechibhokisi.