Chidzidzo cheChinjera uye Zvinokonzera uye Migumisiro
Etymology yeCriminology
"Criminology" inotorwa kubva kune vanhu vechiLatin vanopomerwa mhosva , zvinoreva kupomerwa, uye kushandurwa kwechiGiriki logia , iyo yakauya kuzoreva "kuongorora," saka kuongorora kuparwa kwemhosva.
Chii Chinonzi Criminology?
Criminology ibazi rezvemagariro evanhu uye, zvaro, rakadzidzwa nenzira imwe kana imwe kwezviuru zvemakore. Yakave ichangobva kuitika, kunyange zvakadaro, iyo yakave ichizivikanwa senyanzvi yesayenzi pachayo pachayo.
- Dzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pepakutanga nekushamba kwemazuva ano emhosva
Criminologists
Criminologists anotarisa huwandu hwemashoko akaenzana nehupombwe. Ivo vakazvitsaurira kuti vadzidze kwete chete zvinokonzera uipi asi hurumende inobatsirawo zvakare.
- Dzidza zvakawanda nezvebasa recheminologist
Muchidimbu, maitiro echemoriologist anotarisa pane zvose zvingafungidzirwa zvekusazvibata. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvinokonzera utsotsi kune mumwe munhu anotambudzwa uye mhuri dzavo, ruzhinji rwevanhu, uye kunyange vatadzi ivo pachavo. Zvimwe zvezvimwe zviitiko zvinokonzerwa nemhosva dzemhosva zvinosanganisira:
- Kakawanda kwemhosva
- Nzvimbo yemhosva
- Zvinokonzera mhosva
- Mitemo yemhosva
- Migumisiro yehupfumi uye yega yemhosva
- Kugadzikana kwevanhu mune zvemhosva
- Kuzvipira kwega kwega kune utsotsi
- Kutonga kwehurumende kumhosva
Zvikoro zveMafungiro MuCriminology
Chinangwa chekuguma kwekupara mhosva, hongu, ndechokuziva kuti chii chinokonzera kuparwa kwemhosva uye kukudziridza nzira dzakanaka uye dzomunhu dzekudzivirira. Izvo zvinotungamirira kune zvikoro zvakasiyana-siyana zvekufunga mukati mekuranga, imwe neimwe inotarisa zvinhu zvakasiyana zvinosanganiswa mukusazvibata uye imwe neimwe ichiuya kune zvakasiyana-siyana kuguma pamusoro pekugona kukurukura nyaya.
Zvidzidzo zvitatu zvepfungwa dzepfungwa dzemapurisa ndezveClassical School, Positivist School, uye Chicago School.
Classical School
Chikoro cheClassical School chekupomerwa mhosva, chakasungwa nemutongi weItaly Cesare Beccaria, inobatanidza pfungwa nemaonero ehupombwe hunobva pamashoko mana akadai:
- Vanhu vane rusununguko rwokusarudza kusarudza uye kuzviita ivo pachavo;
- Vanhu vachawanzofarira kushamiswa uye vanodzivisa kurwadziwa, uye ivo vanozoverenga maitiro ezvakaenderana nekubatsirwa pavanosarudza kuita chimwe chinhu;
- Chirango chinogona kushandiswa kudzivisa kuparwa kwemhosva, uye kuoma kwechirango kunofanira kunge kuchienzaniswa nemhosva yacho pachayo;
- Iko kukurumidza uye chokwadi chechirango ndicho chinhu chinonyanya kukosha pakudzivisa kuparwa kwemhosva.
Positivist School
Chikoro chePostitivist chinoratidza kuti kune zvimwe zviitiko zvinoshanda mukusava nemafungiro kunze kwekunakidzwa chete nekutsvaka nekurwadziwa kudzivisa. Positivism inodzinga kunze nekunze zvinhu zvinogona kunge zvisingakwanisi kudzora munhu wacho. Inosanganisira zvipenyu, zvepfungwa, zvemagariro evanhu uye zvezvakatipoteredza.
Chikoro che positivist chaiva chekutanga kushandisa nzira yesayenzi yekudzidza maitiro evanhu. Yakashandura mberi kwemaitiro ekupomera mhosva seyakagamuchirwa uye yairemekedzwa chirongwa chezesayenzi.
Mumwe wevatungamiri vekutanga uye vanozivikanwa zvikuru ve positivist, kunyange zvakadaro, Cesare Lombroso, vakatarisa zvinhu zvepanyama zvemakororo zvakadai sechimiro chezvitsiga zvavo uye nekukwirira kwecheekbones yavo kuratidza kuti biology inogona kutarisa vamwe vanhu kuti vaite zvekutadza kwemhosva. Icho, chokwadi, kwenguva yakareba yakarambidzwa, asi chivimbo chechikoro chekuti chidzidzo chekupara kwemhosva chinofanira kusanganisira mamiriro ezvinhu umo kuparwa kwemhosva kunoitika kuchiri kwakakosha.
Chicago School
Iyo inozivikanwawo seChikoro cheChikoro, Chikoro cheChicago chakatanga kusimbiswa mukati ra1920 mudhipatimendi rezvemagariro eYunivhesiti yeChicago. Ichi chikoro chepfungwa chakasimudza pfungwa yokuti maitiro evanhu aive, zvishoma nezvishoma, akatariswa nehutano hwevanhu. Inofunga nezvekufunga nezvepfungwa uye zvakatipoteredza mukutsvaga kutsvaga zvinokonzera kusazvibata.
Chikoro cheChicagoti chinotaura kuti vanhu vanofananidza nemamiriro avo ezvinhu. Nzvimbo dzakashata dzehutano hwevanhu, dzakadai sehurombo hwemunharaunda, somuenzaniso, hunotungamirira pakuparara kwehutano hwevanhu. Iyi nharaunda yose inodzivisa kukwanisa kwevanhu kuti vashandise zvakajeka nemhosva iyo inoguma uye inosimudzira mhirizhonga munharaunda inotungamirira utsotsi mukati maro
Criminology Inovandudza Society
Munda wekupara mhosva unotungamirira mukuvandudzwa kwehutongi hwehutongi hwehurumende , kusanganisira kupindura kwedu kune utsotsi uye kurapa kwedu vose vanotambudzwa nevatadzi. Iyo inoramba ichitibatsira isu zviri nani kunzwisisa zvakakosha mari yekupara mhosva kune vose vanobatanidzwa uye kumagariro sevanhu vose.
Criminology inotungamirira kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzekudzidza, kusanganisira zvinyorwa zvekuchengetedzwa kwenharaunda . Yakaunzawo kubudirira mumapurisa nemaitiro, mamwe awo asingabvumirane nevamwe, zvakadai se "broken windows" mapurisa, mapurisa anotarisana nevanhu uye mapurisa ekufananidzira.
Careers muCriminology
Basa riri mu criminology rakawanda uye rakasiyana. Kuwana chikamu mumunda kunogona kuvhura masuo kune zvidzidzo zvepamusoro kana zvidzidzo zvepamusoro munzvimbo dzakadai se forensic psychology , kana kuti kupa nheyo yakasimba yehutongi hwemhosva . Chero nzira, kupara kwemhosva kunogona kuva munda unofadza uye unobatsira.