The USNS Mercy uye Nyaradzo
Zvikepe zvechipatara zvinopa zvipatara zvakakura, zvinoshandiswa, zvinoshandiswa pakuvhiya zvakanyanyisa apo dzinodanwa kuuto reUnited States. Pakave nemimwe midziyo yemishonga inoshumira mune mamwe mabasa - ambulensi midziyo, ngarava dzinoponesa, uye ngarava dzinobva kune dzimwe nyika.
Nzvimbo yeChishanu yeGeneva
Zvipatara Zvikepe zvinonakidzwa nehuwandu hunokosha - humbo hunokosha hwaive hunozivikanwa munyika pasi pechipiri cheGenesva Convention ye 1906 uye Hague Convention ya 1907.
Zvirevo zvakanakira zvikepe zvechipatara zvinorondedzerwa muChitsauko chechina cheHague Convention X:
- Ngarava inofanira kuve yakanyatsoratidzwa uye inofananidzwa sechikepe chechipatara
- Ngarava inofanira kupa rubatsiro rwechiremba kuvakuvadzwa vashandi vemarudzi ose
- Chikepe hachifaniri kushandiswa chero chinangwa chehondo
- Ngarava haifaniri kupindira kana kuparadza zvipikiso zvevavengi
- Belligerents, sekusarudzwa neHague Convention, inogona kutsvaga chero chikepe chechipatara kuti chiongorore kukanganisa kwezvibvumirano zviri pamusoro apa
- Bheriligerents ichasimbisa nzvimbo yekutakura chipatara
Uyewo, gungano rakasimbisa kuti munguva dzehondo, zvikepe zvechipatara zvinenge zvisingabhadharwi kubva kune mari uye mitero yakagadzirirwa mumidziyo yezvikwata zvehurumende dzinosimbisa chibvumirano.
Munguva ichangopfuura - yeSan Remo Manual pamutemo wepasi rose inoshandiswa kuhondo dzakagadzirirwa paGungwa yakagamuchirwa muna June 1994 neInternational Institute of Humanitarian Law mushure mokukurukurirana kwemahwendefa ehurukuro yakaitwa pakati pa1984 na1994 nevakapindi vezvematongerwo enyika uye vezvenyanzvi uye vezvemitemo.
Maererano neSan Remo Manual, chikepe chechipatara chinoputsa mitemo yepamutemo chinofanira kunyatsorayirwa uye chakapiwa nguva yakakodzera yekuita. Kana chikepe chechipatara chinopfuurira kuputsa mitemo, murwi ane kodzero yepamutemo yekuitora kana kutora dzimwe nzira dzokusimudzira kutenderwa. Chimwe chikepe chisingaregi chipatara chinogona kungodzingwa pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu anotevera:
- Kusiyanisa kana kutora hazvibviri
- Hapana imwe nzira yekushandisa kudzora inowanikwa
- Kuputsa uku kwakaoma kubvumira ngarava kuti iite sechinangwa chehondo
- Kukuvadza uye kuurayiwa hakuzovi kwakakwana kune mauto anobatsira.
Mune mamwe mimwe mamiriro ezvinhu, kurwisa chipatara chipatara chirwere chehondo.
US Zvido zveMasoja muWWI
Munguva yeHondo Yenyika Yese (aka "Hondo Yenyika"), zvikepe zvezvipatara zvakatanga kushandiswa pamwero mukuru - asi muWWI, zvikepe zvezvipatara zvainyanya kushandiswa kutakura varwere uye kukuvadzwa kwehondo kubva kuImitambo yeOp Operations to Hospital zvivako Nyika dzakabatana.
Hondo Yenyika Ipiri zvakare yakaona kushandiswa kwezvikepe zvechipatara, asi kushandiswa kwavo kwaiitwa kune avo vaivashandira - Navy haina kusimba chete yeUnited States Military kuti iite zvikepe zvezvipatara, kwenguva iyo Hondo yakavashandisawo [chaizvoizvo, Masoja aishanda zvikepe zvayo pachawo, ona Ship Hull Kutsanangurira - Zororo reMasvingo Nezvisina Kufanirwa ].
US Zvido zveMasoja muWWII
Munguva yeHondo Yenyika II, Hondo yakasarudza kuti yaiva yega mutoro wekutakura avo vakakuvadzwa, uye saka vaida kuronga kubuda nevezvikepe zvavo. Kwakanga kune zvikepe zvezvipatara makumi maviri nezviviri zvakashandirwa kusunungurwa kwevarwi vakaurayiwa.
Hondo yekutakura yekutakura yakashanda zvikepe zvezvipatara makumi maviri nemaviri zvakasungwa nevarwi vehurumende (vashandi veArmed Transport Service) nevashandi vezvokurapa veArmed, uye Navy yakashanda zvikepe zvitatu zvezvipatara ( Comfort, Hope uye Mercy ) zvakasungwa neNavy asi zvakashandiswa the Army Department of Medical. Zvisinei, sezvakataurwa, maNavy neMasitirisi akafambiswa nezvipatara ane zvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana zvikepe zvepachipatara zveNavy zvakanyatsogadzirirwa zvipatara zvakagadzirirwa kugadziriswa zvakananga kubva kuhondo uye zvakare zvakapiwa kupa ruzivo rwezvigaro kumapoka ekurapa emakiromita kumahombekombe, apo mauto ezvipatara zveArmed zvinonyanya kutakura zvipatara zvinotarisirwa uye zvakagadzirirwa kubudisa varwere kubva mberi kwezvipatara zveArmed hospitals kumashure munzvimbo dzezvipatara (kana kubva kune avo kuenda kuUnited States) uye vakanga vasingagoni kugadzirirwa kana kushanda kuti vaite nhamba dzakawanda dzehondo chaiyo yakaurayiwa.
Zvizhinji zvezvikepe zvezvipatara zveUnited States zvakatanga semhizha ine basa rakasiyana, uye rakagadziriswa kuva zvikepe zvezvipatara. Zvikepe zvitatu zveNavy Hospital (AH-6 USS Comfort , AH-7 USS Hope uye AH-8 USS Mercy ) ndiyo chete midziyo yakavakwa sezvikepe zvezvipatara kumakungwa eUnited States - maShips 24 eUnited States Army-operated Ships akatendeuka kubva kune dzimwe marudzi ezvikepe. Ngarava nhatu dzeNavy dzakashandiswa neHondo dzakashanda muPacific munguva yeWWII, asi makepe 24 eEarmy akashumira pakutanga muAtlantic Theaters, uye vamwe vakazoendeswa kuPacific, asi vamwe vakagadziriswa pavasingazodi kubudiswa nevarwere vanobva kuEurope Theatre. Pakupera kweWWII, Navy yaiva nezvikepe 15 zveSpital Hospital.
Nokuda kwechikonzero ichocho, dzimwe ngarava dzepachipatara zveNavy dzakanga dziri pamberi pemidziyo yeArmed. Somuenzaniso, apo Hondo yeSpain -America yakatanga [1896], mutyairi wengarava John Englis akatengwa neUnited States Army kuti ashandiswe sechikepe chechipatara, uye akatumidza zita rokuti Relief . Muna 1902, Navy yakawana ngarava ikashanda se USS Relief kusvikira muna 1918, apo yakanzizve Zororo rekuti kubvumira zita reRubatsiro rigoverwa kuAH-1 USS Relief .
Nhasi Inoda Yezvipatara Zvikepe
Kunyange nhasi United States Navy inoshandisa zvikepe zviviri zvezvipatara zvakatsaurirwa (T-AH-19 USNS Mercy neT-AH-20 USNS Comfort), zvikepe zvechipatara / zvezvipatara zvemarudzi akawanda zvakave chikamu cheUnited States Navy kubva kubva muna 1801 ( iyo Navy yakashanda iyo yekutanga Shipatara Chipatara munguva yemakore ehondo yeColololitan [1801-1805]). Zvose Nyaradzo uye Nyasha zviri kuita basa muSouth Navy's Military Sealift Command (MSC). Ngarava dzinoshandiswa, dzinofamba, uye dzakachengetedzwa nevashandi vehurumende vanoita mariner, kana kuti CIVMAR. Aya ndiwo hurumende yehurumende inoshandira basa rehurumende reNavy career. Idzi ndiyo maUnited States ane zvikepe zvehurumende zvinotsigira varwi vehondo veNavy pasi pose. Mutemo weNavy unotarisira chipatara uye vashandi.
Iko USNS Nyaradzo uye Mercy zvinowanzogara pasi-nechechi shomanana yevanhu vashandi. Kazhinji pachava ne18 CIVMAR uye nepamapurisa 50 Navy hospital crew inopinda kuchengeta ngarava "yakagadzirirwa". Apo inodanwa muzviito, ngarava dzichawedzera maCIVMAR anopfuura 60 uye vanopfuura chiuru chevashandi vezvokurapa vehondo uye vanopa rubatsiro pose pose zvichidikanwa. I USNS Mercy yakabva kunze kweSan Diego California. IUSNS Comfort inobva kuNorfolk, Virginia.
Shandara yeZvipatara Zvikepe