Nheyo uye Nhoroondo yekushandiswa kweScientific Principles muCriminology
Izwi rokuti "forensic" rinobva muchiLatin uye zvinoreva, zviri nyore, zvine chokuita nemutemo.
Nokudaro, chero kurairirwa kunobatanidzwa chero kupi zvayo kumutemo kune, zvechokwadi, kuongorora. Ichi ndicho chikonzero mazita emabasa mazhinji mukati memhosva yezvakaipa, zvakadai sezvesayenzi wepfungwa, anotungamirirwa neshoko.
Nezvesayenzi yekuongorora, izwi iri zvino rinowanzwisiswa richireva kushandiswa kwemasayenzi kune mibvunzo yemutemo. Muchidimbu, zvinoreva kushandiswa kwesayenzi kugadzirisa utsotsi.
Chirango Chitsva
Sezvakabatanidzwa muhutongi hwehutongi hwedu semasayendisiti ezvemapurisa aizoratidzika, chokwadi ndechokuti kuwedzera kuwedzerwa kwezvino, kunyange kutarisa nhoroondo duku yezvinyorwa zvemazuva ano.
Paaiva muRoma
Iyo yepakutanga midzi yesayenzi yehupenzi sezvatinoziva inogona kuwanika muvanhu vekare vechiGiriki neveRoma. Aya mararamiro ekumadokero akaunza hufambiro mukuru munharaunda yezvokurapa pamwe nepamusoro pemasvomhu. Zivo yakanyanyisa yakagadzirwa pamusoro pekugadzirwa, kushandiswa, uye zviratidzo zvezvipembenene zvakasiyana-siyana, zvichiita kuti zvikwanise kuziva kushandiswa kwadzo mumhondi dzisina kumboonekwa.
Et Tu Brute? The First Autopsy
Mugore ra44 BC, chiremba wechiRoma Antistius akaongorora mutumbi wevakangobva kuurayiwa naJulius Caesar uye akafunga kuti, kunyange mutongi wacho akabatwa nembandanyama makumi maviri nemaviri, chirema chimwe chete kuburikidza nechifuva chake chakaita kuti afe. Izvi zvakanyanya kuonekwa seyokutanga yakanyorwa autopsy.
Chokutanga Chirongwa Chekushaya Mhosva?
Sezvo maitiro eRoma ari chikonzero chedu rekutonga uye rezvemitemo nhasi, zvakakodzera kuti inopawo mberi kwechido chedu pakushandisa mazano esayenzi mukuongorora kweuchapupu. Muzana ramakore rokutanga AD, mutongi weRoma uye jurist Quintilian aikwanisa kuratidza kuti mapiritsi ezvesopa akaregererwa pachiitiko chekuponda akafanirwa kuronga mumiririri, murume asina bofu asina mhosva, nokuda kwekuuraya kwake amai. Sezvo uRoma hweRoma hwakaramba kumadokero, sayenzi yehutongi yakaramba iine hukama hwakasimba kune yemireniyamu inotevera, zvakaitwa zvekupomerwa mhosva nemhosva yepamutemo.
Kutanga kwePathology
Muzana remakore rechigumi nemana rechina China, bhuku rinonzi Hsi Duan Yu (The Washing Away of Wrongs) rakabudiswa uye rinonzi ndiro rakatanga kutungamirirwa kurwara. Basa racho rinotsanangura, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, nzira yekuziva kana munhu akakuvadzwa akadzimwa kana kuti akadzipwa sechikonzero chekufa. Iyo yakajekesawo kuti mutsvapuri wepombi akacherechedza sei rudzi rwemavara anoshandiswa mukuponda nekuongorora chitunha uye kuti sei kuziva kana rufu rwakangoerekana rwaitika kana kuti kuponda.
Sayenzi Inokurudzira
Kutanga muzana remakore rechigumi nemanomwe, sezera rekuvhenekera rakaputika, kufambira mberi kwezvesayenzi nehana yehupfumi kwakaona sango remasayendisiti ekuongorora zvinyorwa zvakagamuchira kuvandudzirwa kwemarudzi.
Kuyemura kutsva kwekushandiswa kwenzira yesayenzi mune zvese mibvunzo, mhosva kana kuti zvimwe, zvakada nzira itsva yekuziva nekugadzirisa mhosva.
Mazana emakore gumi nemasere negumi nemapfumbamwe akaona kuputika kwezviitiko zvakanyorwa zvekushandiswa kwesayenzi zvakagamuchirwa kuti zvigadzirise mhosva uye kutora kutendwa. Nzira dzehupupuriro dzinosanganisira kubatanidza chikamu chepanhau rakaputika rinoshandiswa kudhengetwa mubhasiri kusvika kune imwe yakabvaruka, peputi rakabvamburwa muhomwe yepisitori pamwe nekufananidza zvipfeko zvehupfeko, zviyo, nemakumbo kune avo vanowanikwa pavanopomerwa mhosva yekuponda musikana wechidiki .
Fingerprinting
Zvichida kukwakuka kukuru mune zvesayenzi yepamusoro, kunyange zvakadaro, kwakauya muna 1880 nebasa raHenry Faulds naWilliam James Herschel, avo vakabudisa chidzidzo munyaya yezvesayenzi Nature iyo inotsanangura chokwadi chokuti minwe yevanhu yakanga yakasiyana kune vanhu uye kuti hapana maiti maviri aiva zvakafanana.
Chidzidzo chacho chakakwanisa kutsigirwa kwehutungamiri uye yakagamuchirwa sezviripo mumatare edzimhosva, ichigadzira nzira yekushandiswa kukuru kwechirongwa chekucherechedza chave chiri chekuita muhutongi hwemhosva ikozvino kwemakore anopfuura zana.
Yechidiki Asi Nhoroondo Yakapfuma
Kunyange zvazvo iri chirango chitsva, sayenzi yehutongi ine nhoroondo yakaisvonaka uye yeramangwana rakapfuma. Sezvo kufambira mberi kwezvinobudirira kunouya sekuita sezuva rega rega, shanduro yezvesayenzi yepamusoro ndiyo nzira yakakwana yokuroora pfungwa yakangwara kune mwoyo wemuranda wevanhu vose.