Ndicho chikonzero, somuenzaniso, hazviiti se "mhosva" kuti irege kunonoka kushanda mubasa rako revanhu, asi "uipi" hunonoka kunonoka kushanda muMasoja (kukanganisa kweChitsauko 86 cheMirairo Yakafanana yeKutonga Kwechiuto , kana UCMJ).
Mutungamiriri wemauto ane nzira dzinoverengeka dzinowanikwa kuti atsigire kurongeka uye kurangwa mukati memubatanidzwa, zvichibva pane zvinyoro zvishoma zvekutungamirira zvakadai sekurongeka kana kusaruramisa kune maZimbabwe General Court Martials, umo munhu anogona kutongerwa basa rakaoma, kana kuti kunyange kuurayiwa .
Chikamu I chechinyorwa ichi chinopa ruzivo rwehurumende yeUnited States.
Dzimwe nyaya dzakabatana dzinosanganisira:
- Kupa mazano, Kubhadhara, uye Kudzidziswa Zvimwe . Kupa mazano kunogona kunge kwakarongeka kana kusinganzwisisiki. Inogonawo kunge iri mazwi kana inogona kunyorwa. Inogona kuva yakanaka (pat kumushure) kana inogona kugadzirisa. Kutsiurwa kana kurayira ndiko "kutsvaga." Zvinogona kuva mazwi, kana zvinogona kunyorwa. Zvinyorwa zvinyorwa uye mazano zvinogona kupa "rekodi," iyo inogona kushandiswa pakuzoti chirango chiri pasi peChitsauko 15, Zvimwe Kudzidziswa hazvifananidzi ne "mamwe mabasa" akaiswa pasi peChitsauko 15. Zvimwe zvedzidzo ndezve "chirango," kudzidziswa kwekare hakusi. Kuti uve mutemo, "kudzidziswa kwakawedzerwa" kunonzwisisika kunobatanidza nekushaikwa kwekururamiswa.
- Administrative Discharges . Kutungamirirwa kushandiswa kunobvumirwa kune zvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana. Izvo zvinoratidzirwa zvekudzingwa kwekutungamirira zvinogona kukudzwa, Zvose (Pasi Pemhando Dzakanaka), uye Zvimwe Kupfuura Kuremekedzwa.
- Chisungo chechipiri . Iyo inozivikanwawo se "kusasarura chirango," kana "Mast" (MuNavy / Coast Guard, uye Marines). Iyi ndiyo yakasiyana ne "mini-court court" pamwe nemutungamiriri ari kuita semutongi uye jeri. Iyo inoshandiswa nokuda kwezvishoma (zvisingazivikanwi) zvinopomerwa pasi peUCMJ. Chirango chakabvumirwa chinogumira nehuwandu hwemutungamiriri uye nzvimbo yeanopomerwa. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, munhu anoramba Chirongwa chechipiri chechipiri, uye anokumbira dare nedare rematare panzvimbo.
- Kuzvidzora . Vagari vemo vanochengetedzwa kubva kuzvisungo zvisingabatsiri kuzvitsvaira nechisvondo chechisere. Vashandi vanochengetedzwawo, kuburikidza neChitsauko 31 cheUCMJ.
- Kudzora Kwepakutanga uye Kuongorora Kwepakutanga . Hondo haina ma "bail" system. Asi, pane mitemo inokosha inofanirwa kuteverwa kana nhengo yehondo ichivharirwa pamberi pedare rehondo. Chitsauko 32 Kuongorora kwepakutanga kwakaitwa neuto reGree Jury.
- Court Martials . Aya ndiwo "makuru". Kune marudzi matatu ematare edzimhosva: Summary, Special, uye General. Kutendwa kweShoko Rinokosha kana Dare Ringangodaro kungava " kutendeseka kusagadzikana ." Dare reMartials rinogona kupa mubayiro, kuderedza, "kurangwa kwemhosva," uye nguva yejeri (pabasa rakaoma). General Court Martials anogona kutomira mutongo wekufa nokuda kwemhosva.
- Chitsauko 138 Mhosva . IUCMJ inopa nzira yevarwi vehondo kuti vaise chikumbiro kana "vakanganisa" nevakuru vavo. Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvinhu zvakasimba zvikuru, asi zvisati zvashandiswa-zvishandiswa muhurumende yepamutemo yehurumende, kuti nhengo dziratidze kodzero dzavo.
Mutemo weMasoja
Mutemo wemauto (ruramisiro yeuto) ibasa remurairo unotungamirira hurumende yekugadzwa kwehondo.
Izvo zvakakwana kutongerwa kana kurangwa muzvisikwa uye, muUnited States, inosanganisira uye inofananidzwa nemutemo wemhosva wechisimba. Zvakabva kune zvakawanda uye zvakasiyana, zvimwe zvinopesana neUnited States neMutemo wayo. Zvisinei, sezvo iri kuburikidza neMutemo-soro iro Mutemo wedu weVanhu wakavapo, Mutemo-soro unogona kunyatsoonekwa seicho chikuru chemurairo unotungamirira zvigaro zvedu zvehondo. Pamwe pamwe neMutemo, kune mamwe mavara, ose akanyorwa uye asina kunyorwa, anotonga mauto pamwe chete: Mutemo wenyika yose wakapiwa mutemo wehondo uye mitemo yakawanda ine chokuita nemauto akasungwa; Congress yakapa Mutemo Wekufananidza Wekutonga Kwemauto (UCMJ) nemamwe mitemo; Mutungamiri wenyika, kusanganisira Bhuku reKurongwa-Martial (MCM), mitemo yebasa; kushandiswa uye tsika dzeVarwi nehondo; uye, pakupedzisira, dare remutemo rakaparidzira zvarinosarudza zuva rimwe nerimwe kuti ritsanangurire nzvimbo dzakachena.
Zvose izvi zvinoumba mutemo wedu wemauto.
Mutemo weUnited States. Nheyo yemitemo yemutemo wehondo inobva kune zvakapetwa zviviri: avo vanopa masimba mashoma mubazi rezvemitemo uye avo vanopa humwe huremera kune gurukota rebazi. Mukuwedzera, chechishanu chigadziro chinocherechedza kuti zvitadzo muHondo Dzemauto zvichabatwa maererano nemutemo weuto.
Simba Rakaendeswa kuCongress. Pasi peChitsauko 8 cheChitsauko I, US Constitution, Congress inopa simba rokuti:
- kutsanangura uye kuranga mhosva pamusoro pemutemo wemarudzi
- kuzivisa hondo, kupa tsamba dzekutengesa nekuzvidza, uye kuita mitemo pamusoro pekutora pasi pamvura nemvura
- simudzai uye mubatsire mauto
- kupa uye kuchengetedza mauto
- kuita mitemo yehurumende uye mutemo we
- nyika uye mauto ehondo
- inopa kupa nheyo mauto
- kunopa kuronga, kurwisana, uye kuranga mauto uye kutonga chikamu ichocho chavo sechingashandiswa mubasa reUnited States; and
- kazhinji, kuita mitemo yose inofanira kuve yakakodzera uye yakakodzera yekutora mhirizhonga masimba anopfuura aya uye mamwe masimba anopiwa neMutemo-soro muhurumende yeUnited States kana mune rimwe dhipatimendi kana mutariri wayo.
Simba rakapiwa mutungamiri . Pasi peMitemo, Mutungamiri anoshumira seMutungamiriri weMutungamiriri wemauto eUnited States, uye, kana akadanwa kuBurumende, Mutungamiri anoshandawo seMutungamiriri weMutungamiriri wemarudzi akasiyana-siyana ehurumende. Mutemo weMutemo unopawo mutungamiri weMutungamiri, pamwe nekubvumirana kweSeneti, kugadza vatungamiriri vemasangano. Mutungamiri anotumira vatungamiri vose uye ane basa rekuona kuti mitemo yenyika ino inoshumirwa zvakatendeka.
The Fifth Amendment . Muchishanu chechigadziro, vatungamiri veMitemo-soro vakaziva kuti mhaka dzinokwira mumasangano ehondo dzaizobatanidzwa zvakasiyana kubva pamatambudziko anouya muupenyu hwevanhu. Chishanu chechigadziro chinopa, muchidimbu, kuti "hapana munhu achabatwa kuti apindure nokuda kwehupfumi, kana kuti zvimwe zvisina kukanganisa utsotsi, kunze kwekupa mvumo kana kupomerwa mhosva kweGurisa Guru, kunze kwezvakaitika munyika kana mauto ehondo, kana iyo Militia, apo iri mubasa chaiyo munguva yeHondo kana njodzi yevanhu. "
International Law . Mutemo wehondo yakagadzirwa nebazi rezvemitemo yenyika yose inorondedzera kodzero nemitoro yevarwi, vasiri varwi, mabelligerents, uye vasungwa. Inoumbwa nemitemo iyoyo uye zvishandiswa izvo, munguva yehondo, kurondedzera chimiro uye ukama kwete kwete chete nevavengi asiwo yevanhu vanotungamirirwa nehondo.
Acts of Congress . IUCMJ iri muChitsauko 47, Chinyorwa 10, United States Code, Zvikamu 801 kusvika 940. Kunyange zvazvo simba rekuita mitemo nemirairo yeHondo Dzemauto riri mumutemo, mutemo wemauto ndiwo mazana emakore ekare. Nyaya dzeUCMJ dzinotsanangura zvikanganiso zvinoputsa mutemo wemauto muHondo Dzemauto eUnited States uye dzinoratidzira nhengo yeuto kuti varange kana vakawanikwa vane mhosva nedare rakakodzera. Vakatarisawo maitiro akawandisa emitemo inoshandiswa neMutungamiriri weMutungamiri weMutungamiri weChipiri ((Manual for Courts-Martial [MCM]). Kune nhengo, nhamba iyi yakawanda mutemo wenyika sehurumende kana Federal code yenyika ndeyevanhu vasiri vanhu.
Dare reMitemo yeMitemo uye yeMitemo . Nokuda kwesimba rake seMutungamiri Mukuru, Mutungamiri ane simba rekugadza mitemo yeGurumende nemitemo yebasa kuti atungamirire mauto ehondo chero bedzi asingapesani nemitemo yepamutemo kana mitemo. Chitsauko 36, UCMJ, inonyatsobvumira Mutungamiri kuti anyore nzira (kusanganisira mitemo yeuchapupu) inofanira kuteverwa pamberi pematare edzimhosva akasiyana-siyana. Zvichienderana nemasimba aya masimba, Mutungamiri akaisa MCM kuti iite UCMJ. Mutungamiri neCongress vakapa vanyori veMasangano nevatungamiriri veuto kuti vashandise zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zveUCMJ uye MCM uye kutumira mitemo nemirairo. Nheyo dzedu dzakaramba dzichifunga kuti mitemo yehondo ine simba nemigumisiro yemutemo kana ichienderana nemutemo kana mitemo. Mitemo nemirairo yakabudiswa pamadanho ekuraira anokwidziridzwa neChitsauko 92, UCMJ, iyo inorondedzera kukanganisa kwemashoko makuru nemitemo, uye Zvinyorwa 90 , uye 91, UCMJ, zvinorambidza kusateerera kwemirairo yevakuru.
Kutenda kweHurumende yeHondo
Kururamisira kwemauto kwakafanana nekare kare sehondo yakatanga kurongeka. Nzira yakakwana uye yakasarura yekutonga kwechiuto yakagara ichikosha pakuchengetedza chirango uye tsika mune chero mutemo weuto. Nokudaro, kushanduka kwekutonga kwechiuto kwave kuchibatanidza kuenzanisa kwezvidimbu zviviri zvinokosha: kurwisa hondo uye chido chekuita zvakanaka, asi chakanaka, hurongwa hwekuchengetedza kurongeka uye kurangwa.
Uniform Code yeJustice Justice (UCMJ) (1951) . Chido chekufanana pakati pezvibvumirano chakaguma nekugadzwa kweUCMJ, musi wa 31 Mbudzi 1951. Yakashandiswa neBhuku reKutonga-Martial, muna 1951. UCMJ yakagadzira matare ehurumende ekuongorora zvehondo, yakagadzirwa nevatongi veuto rekudaidza, avo vaiva , uye iri, iyo yekutanga yekukwirira muhurumende yepamutemo yekutonga. IUCMJ yakasimbisawo Dare reUnited States reMasoja (zvino rava kuzivikanwa seSouth Court of Appeals yeVarwi vehondo (CAAF), pakutanga rakagadzirwa nevatongi vatatu vezvematongerwe enyika, iyo ndiyo yakakwirira yepamusoro pekuongororwa kwemauto mukati meuto rehondo. akawedzera vatongi vaviri vezvematongerwe enyika musi wa1 Chivabvu 1991.) Kusikwa kwechimiro chemudare wekodzero iyi pamwe zvichida kuchinja kwehutongi mune zvematongerwo enyika munhau yedu yenyika.Ichi chigadziro chinopa kubvunzurudza nekudzokorora kwematare-kutongwa kwemauto, kuongorora uye zviyero yekutonga kwechisimba kweHondo Dzemauto dzakatakurwa kuenda muhurumende yehurumende yega pachayo.
1969 Bhuku reMatare-Martial (MCM) . Pashure pemakore akawanda ekugadzirira, MCM idzva yakashanda musi wa1 Gumiguru 1969. Chinangwa chikuru chekudzokorora kwaiva kusanganisira kuchinja kwakagadziriswa nezvisarudzo zveDare reUnited States reMasoja. Pasati mwedzi mushure mokunge Mutungamiri asayina Hurongwa Hwekutonga hunozivisa hurumende ye 1969 MCM, Congress yakapa Mutongi weGurumende Mutemo muna 1968, chikamu chakakura icho chakatanga kushanda 1 August 1969.
Mutongi Wemauto Edzimhosva muna 1968 . Pakati pekuchinja kwakagadzirwa neHurumende yeGurumende Mutemo muna 1968 kwaive nekugadzwa kwehurumende yekutonga, iyo inosanganisira "vatariri-vatasvi" vatongi mubasa rimwe nerimwe. Chiito chacho chakabvumirawo munhu anopomerwa kusarudzwa kwekutongwa nemutongi wemauto ari oga (pasina nhengo dzematare) kana nhengo yacho yakanyorerwa kunyora uye kana mutongi wemauto achibvumira chikumbiro chacho.
Mutongi Wemauto Edzimhosva muna 1983 . Kubudirira 1Agasti 1984, Mutongi weGungwa reMutemo we1983 wakaita shanduko dzakasiyana-siyana dzekuita, kusanganisira zvigadziro zvehurumende kuteterera kwezvimwe zvekutonga kwevatongi vehondo. Asi hurumende inogona kunge isina, zvisinei, kukumbira kuwana kwekusava nemhosva. Chiito ichocho chinopawo zvose zvidziviriro uye hurumende kuteterera kuDare Repamusorosoro reUnited States kubva kuUnited States Court of Appeals yeHondo Dzemauto.
Trends . IUCMJ nhasi inoratidza mazana ezviitiko zvechiitiko mumutemo wemhosva uye kururamisira kwechiuto. Hurumende yehurumende yakabva kune imwe yakabvumira vatungamiri kuti vamanikidze uye vaite chirango chekufa kune imwe nzira yekutonga iyo inotsigira kodzero dzevamiririri vemabasa uye maropafadzo akafanana, uye pane dzimwe nguva mukuru kudarika, iyo inofarirwa nevashamwari vavo vehurumende.
Simba reMatare eGondo . Chero hurumende yehurumende ine simba rekutonga imwe nyaya inotsamira pane zviitiko zvakasiyana, kusanganisira mamiriro emapato (zera, kugara pamutemo , nezvimwewo), rudzi rwemhosva yepamutemo inobatanidzwa (mhosva kana hurumende, kukakavadzana kwebvumirano, kukanganisa kwemitero, kuroorana kukakavadzana, nezvimwewo), uye geographical factors (kuparwa kwakaitwa muNew York, chibvumirano nharo pamusoro peFlorida pfuma yepamusoro, nezvimwewo). Matare-martial authority anotarisirwa zvikuru nemibvunzo miviri inotevera:
- Personal power; ndiko kuti, ndiye anopomerwa munhu ari pasi peUCMJ?
- Nyaya-nyaya nharaunda; ndiko kuti, ndiyo mufambiro wakatemwa neUCMJ?
Kana mhinduro dzacho dziri "hongu" mune zvose zviitiko, zvino, uye ipapo chete, inyanzvi-martial panel vane kodzero yekugadzirisa nyaya yacho.
Simba Romunhu Pachake : Dare-martial authority haisipo pane munhu kunze kwekuti iye ari pasi peUCMJ, sezvinotsanangurwa neChitsauko 2, UCMJ. Chirevo chechipiri chinotaura kuti vanhu vanotevera vari pakati peavo vanozviisa pasi peUCMJ:
- Nhengo dzezviitiko zveHondo Dzese, kusanganisira avo vakamirira kubudiswa mushure memagumo avo ekunyorwa; vanozvipira kubva panguva yekusangana kwavo kana kugamuchirwa kupinda mauto ehondo; inductees kubva panguva yechiratidzo chavo muHurumende; uye vamwe vanhu vanodanwa nemutemo kana kuti vakarayirwa mukati, kana kushanda mukati kana kudzidziswa mukati, mauto ehondo, kubva pamazuva apo pavanodiwa nemitemo yekudanwa kana kurongedza kuiteerera.
- Cadets, aviation cadets, uye midlingmen.
- Nhengo dzeChitubu cheChitubu chekuchengetedzwa kwegadziriro pachinenge chisina basa-kudzidzira basa asi, kune mitezo yeUnited States Army National Guard neUnited States National Guard, chete kana iri muStar service.
- Masheji akabatwa neChirungu cheKurongwa cheMasimba ehondo ane kodzero yekubhadhara.
Kubva pakagadzwa kweUCMJ, Supreme Court yakaratidza kuti mauto haakwanisi kugadzirisa kodzero dzepamutemo dzevanhu vanozvimiririra kune nhengo dzevarwi vehondo. Uyezve, Dare rekuUnited States reUnited States reHondo Dzemauto rakaona kuti mauto akanga asina simba pamusoro pevashandi vehurumende veHurumende panguva yeVietnam Conflict , kunyange zvazvo mhosva dzaipomerwa dzakapiwa mukati meuto rehondo. Dare rakaratidza kuti mutsara wokuti "munguva yehondo" iri muChitsauko 2 (10), UCMJ, zvinoreva hondo yakaziviswa neCongress.
Musoro-Nyaya Mamiriro . Kazhinji, matare-mauto ane simba rokuedza chero mhosva chero ipi zvayo pasi pemutemo kunze kwekuti pavanorambidzwa kuita saizvozvo neMutemo. Simba rematare-kurwisana kunobva chete kune munhu anopomerwa mhosva semunhu ari pasi peUCMJ, uye kwete pa "service-connection" yeanopomerwa mhosva. Somuenzaniso, munhu anozviisa pasi peUCMJ inobatwa nembatya kubva kune mutengesi wemunharaunda. Nhengo yacho inogona kuedzwa nematare-kurwisana, kunyange zvazvo mhosva yacho pachayo isiri kushanda-yakabatana mumutambo wemagariro.