Nzira Yokuda Nayo Kutongwa neDare Martial

Chitsauko 15 uye Kodzero dzeUpomerwa

Kunze kwenyaya yemunhu akabatanidzwa kana kuti akapinda mumudziyo, anopomerwa angada kutongwa nedare rematare panzvimbo yekurangwa zvisina kukodzera (NJP). Nguva yakakosha yekuita kuziva kana munhu asina kodzero yekuda kutongwa ndiyo nguva yekuiswa kweNJP uye kwete nguva yekutongwa kwechiremba.

Prehearing

Kusarura rusarudzo kunokonzerwa nekutsvakurudza kune mufambiro usingabvumirwi nemutemo nekuteerera kunotevera kuti uone kana uye kupomerwa kunofanira kurangwa sei.

Kazhinji, apo nyunyuta inotumirwa nemukuru mukuru weanopomerwa (kana kana mutungamiriri iwoyo akagamuchira mushumo wekutsvaga kubva kumutemo wekuchengetedza mutemo), mutungamiriri iwoyo anomanikidzwa kuita kuti kubvunzurudzwa kuitwe kusarudza chokwadi chechinhu chacho .

Kana, mushure mekutsvaga kwekutanga, mutungamiri mukuru anogadza chirevo ichocho neJNP chakakodzera, mutungamiri wepamusoro anofanira kuita kuti akapomerwa apiwe mamwe mazano. Mutungamiri haafaniri kupa mazano pachake asi anogona kupa mutoro uyu kune mutongi wepamutemo kana mumwe munhu akakodzera. Aya mazano anotevera anofanira kupiwa, zvisinei.

• Chiito chekufungidzira . Munhu anopomerwa anofanira kuudzwa kuti mutungamiri ari kuongorora kuiswa kweJNP nokuda kwechivi (s).
• Anopomerwa mhosva . Anokanganisa mhosva (s) inofanira kutsanangurwa kune anopomerwa uye tsanangudzo iyi inofanira kusanganisira nyaya chaiyo yeUCMJ iyo inopomerwa kuti inoputsa.

• Hurumende uchapupu . Munhu anopomerwa anofanira kupiwa ruzivo rwemashoko anokonzerwa nemhosva yacho kana kuti akaudzwa kuti anogona, kana akakumbira, aongorore zvese zviripo uye uchapupu.
• Kodzero yekuramba NJP . Kunze kwekuti anenge akapomerwa akabatanidzwa kana kuti akapinda mumudziyo (panguva iyo haana kodzero yekuramba NJP), anofanira kuudzwa nezvekodzero yake yekutsvaga kutongwa nematare ehondo munzvimbo yaJNP; chekurangwa kwakanyanya kunogona kuiswa pa NJP; yekuti, kana achida kutongwa nematare ehondo, mhosva dzacho dzingatumirwa kutongwa nemashoko ekudzokorora, ezvo, kana mukuru wehondo; zvekuti haaikwanisa kuedzeswa pfupiso-dare-kurwisana pamusoro pekuramba kwake; uye kuti, pane imwe nhengo yepamutemo kana mukuru-mukuru wehondo, aizowana kodzero yekumiridzirwa nezano.

• Kodzero yekutaura nezano rakasununguka . United States v. Booker , 5 MJ 238 (CMA 1977), vakataura kuti, nokuti anopomerwa asina kuiswa kana kuti akapinda mumudziyo ane kodzero yokuramba NJP, anofanira kuudzwa nezvekodzero yake yekupa mazano akazvimirira pamusoro chisarudzo chake chekubvuma kana kuramba iyo NJP kana iyo nhoroondo yeiyo NJP ichifanira kugamuchirwa muhupupu pamusoro pake kana munhu akapomerwa akambozoedzwa nematare ehondo. Kukundikana kururamisa zvakakodzera munhu anopomerwa kodzero yake yekupa zano, kana kukundikana kupa zano, hazviiti, zvisinei, zvinoita kuti kuiswa kweNJP kusavhiringidzike kana kuti kuve nzvimbo yekuteterera.

Kunzwa Kodzero

Kana uyo akapomerwa asingatsvaki dare nematare ehondo munguva yakakodzera mushure mekunge ataurirwa kodzero dzake (kazhinji mazuva matatu ekushanda kunze kwekuti mutungamiri ari kupa rubatsiro), kana kana kodzero yekudare mutongi-gamba haisi kushanda, anopomerwa achava nekodzero yekuzviratidza pachake pamberi pomukuru wehurumende yekunzwa kweJNP. Pakunzwa kwakadaro, anopomerwa ane kodzero yeku:

1. Itaurwa nezvekodzero dzake pasi peArt. 31 , UCMJ (Self-Incrimination)
2. Ita pamwe chete nemumiririri akapihwa, kana kuti akarongerwa, nhengo, uye nyaya yacho haifaniri kunge yakanonoka kubvumira kuti mutauriri wacho avepo, uye haana kodzero yekufamba kana zvimwe zvakafanana

1. Itaurwa nezvouchapupu hunopikisana naye hunopikisa mhosva
2. Bvumirwa kuongorora humwe humwe uchapupu hupi iyo mutungamiri anonyanya kuvimba pakusarudza kana uye zvakadini NJP kuti aite
3. Ipa nyaya mukuzvidzivirira, kuwedzerwa, nekuderedza, mumuromo, mumanyorero, kana maviri
4. Iva nezvipupuriro zviripo, kusanganisira izvo zvinopesana neavo vanopomerwa, pavakakumbira, kana zvataurwa zvavo zvichave zvakakodzera, uye kana zviripo zviripo. Chapupu chinogona kuwanikwa kana chimiro chake chisingadi kubhadharwa nehurumende, hachizoregi kukanganisa, kana, kana kune chapupu chemauto, hachizoiti kuti iye abve pane mamwe mabasa anokosha, uye
5. Ita kuti kupomerwa kuzarurire kuvanhu kunze kwekunge mutungamiri mukuru aona kuti nyaya yacho inofanira kuvharwa nokuda kwechikonzero chakanaka. Hapana chiziviso chakakosha chinofanira kuitwa nemutungamiriri. Kunyange kana uyo akapomerwa asingadi kuti mvumo ive yakasununguka kuvanhu, mutungamiri anogona kuvhura pachena pane zvaanofunga. Muzviitiko zvizhinji, mutungamiri achavhura pachena pamwe chete uye anopa nhengo dzakakodzera dzemurairo (XO, wokutanga sergeant, mutariri, nezvimwewo)

Bhuku reMatare-Martial rinopa kuti, kana uyo akapomerwa akasiya kodzero yake yekuti azviratidze pamberi pevakuru vakuru, angasarudza kutumira nyaya dzakanyorwa kuti dziongorwe navakuru vakuru vasati vambomira NJP. Kana munhu akapomerwa achiita sarudzo yakadaro, anofanira kuziviswa kodzero yake yekunyarara uye kuti chero nyaya dzakapiwa dzinogona kushandiswa kuzorwa naye mukutongwa nematare ehondo. Kunyange zvakadaro mutongi wacho akaratidza kuti anoda kuratidza kodzero yake yokuzviratidza pachako kumusangano weNJP, anogona kuudzwa kuti apinde munzeve kana mukuru wehurumende achiisa NJP achida kuvapo kwake.

Kazhinji, mupurisa anonyatsoteerera NJP kunzwa ndiye mutungamiri weanopomerwa. Chikamu V, ndima. 4c, MCM (1998 ed.), Inobvumira mutungamiri kana kuti mukuru wehurumende ari kutarisira kugovera simba rake kuti aite chimwe chekuteerera kune imwe nhengo pasi pemamiriro anoshamisa.

Iyi mamiriro haana kunyatsotsanangurwa, asi inofanirwa kuva isina kujairika uye yakakosha pane nyaya dzekutarisana kune mutungamiriri. Iyi nhume dzechiremera dzinofanira kunge dzakanyorwa uye zvikonzero zvayo zvine tsanangudzo. Inofanira kusimbiswa kuti iyi nhume haina kuisa simba rekupa chirango.

Pakunzwa kwakadaro, mupurisa akatumirwa kubata muteereri achagamuchira uchapupu hwose, kugadzirira zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvenyaya dzinofungidzirwa, uye kutumira zvinyorwa kumupurisa ane kodzero yeNJP. Mutungamiri wesarudzo achazoburitswa kune avo vanopomerwa pachavo kana kunyorwa nokukurumidza.

Mumiririri Wega

Iko pfungwa yemumiririri wega wega kuti ataure nokuda kweanopomerwa muChitsauko 15, UCMJ, kunzwa kwakakonzera kumwe kuvhiringidzika. Mutoro wekuwana mureza akadaro ndeyemhosva. Sezvimwe nyaya inoshanda, iye akasununguka kusarudza ani zvake waanoda - gweta kana mutemo wemutemo , mukuru wehurumende kana munhu akanyorwa .

Rusununguko rwemhosva yekusarudza mumiriri haruiti mutemo wekupa gweta zano, uye mitemo yemazuva ano haisviki kodzero kumumiririri wezano kune iyo iyo kodzero yakadaro iripo muhondo yehondo. Munhu anopomerwa angangomiririrwa nemhosva chero ipi zvayo yakagadzirira uye inogona kuonekwa pakunzwa.

Kunyange zvazvo gweta rekuita gweta rinogona kuita kuti gweta rirege kuonekwa, mutemo wegumbeti iyo hapana magweta achawanikwa kuti avepo muChitsauko che15 kunzwa kunopesana nemweya kana isiri tsamba yemutemo. Izvozvowo zvakajeka kuti munhu anokwanisa kutenderwa kuti atomirire uyo anopomerwa. Zvakanaka kutaura kuti anopomerwa anogona kuva nemunhu anokwanisa uye anoda kuonekwa panzvimbo yake pasina mari kune hurumende.

Kunyange zvazvo mutemo usingatauri mumiririri wega, inofanira kubatsira munhu anopomerwa kuti awane mumiririri waanoda. Muchirevo ichi, kana munhu anopomerwa achida munhu anomiririra, anofanira kubvumirwa nguva yakakodzera yekuwana munhu.

Nonadversarial Proceeding

Kuvapo kwemumiririri wega wega hakurevi kutora dambudziko rekuenderera mberi. Asi, mutungamiri mukuru achiri kusungirwa kuti atevere chokwadi. Munyaya iyi, iye / iye anotonga dare rekuteerera uye haafaniri kutendera kuti kupomerwa kuve kwakaipa kuva mhirizhonga yemamiriro ezvinhu.

Zvapupu

Apo inzwa inosanganisira mibvunzo inokakavhiringidza yezvokwadi inotaura nezvemhosva dzinopomerwa, zvapupu zvinoshevedzwa kuti zvipupurire kana zviripo pane imwe ngarava kana kuti zvigaro kana zvisingabhadhari pasina mari kune hurumende. Nokudaro, mune imwe nyaya , kana munhu akapomerwa akaramba akatora mari, zvapupu zvinogona kupupurira kuti akatora mari yacho inofanira kudanwa kuti ipupurire mumunhu kana iripo pasina mari kune hurumende. Zvinofanira kuonekwa, zvisinei, kuti hapana simba rinepo rekutonga zvisikwa zvechivipiti zveNJP kuenderera mberi.

Mutoro Wechipupuriro

Mutungamiri kana mukuru wehurumende anofanirwa kusarudza kuti uyo akapomerwa akaita mhosho (s) nekuderera kwehuchapupu.

Zviwanikwa

Mushure mekutarisa kwezvinhu zvose, mutungamiriri anoita zvaanowana:

• a. Kurambidza kana kuti kusina kunyeverwa. Izvi zvinowanzotorwa kana mutungamiri mukuru asina kugutsikana nehuchapupu hwokuti anopomerwa ane mhaka yechikanganiso, kana kuti anosarudza kuti hapana kurangwa kwakakodzera mushure mezvakaitika kare uye mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu. Kuregererwa, pasinei kana pasina kana kunyeverwa, hakufungidziri NJP, kana kuti kunonzi kuregererwa.
• b. Kutumirwa kumatare ehondo, kana kuongorora kweperi pasi peChirungu 32 , UCMJ.
• c. Kusarudzwa kwechiito (kumiririra kutsvakurudza kana zvimwe zvechikonzero chakanaka, zvakadai sechimiro chakatarisirwa nevakuru vehurumende pamhosva imwe chete)
• d. Kufuridzira kweJNP.

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