Izvo zvinotevera zvinoshandiswa izvo zvinonzi "sita-pack" mumutambo wekambodhi yemagariro apo zviridzwa zvitatu zvakagadzirirwa pamusoro pezvimwe zviridzwa zvitatu.
Izvi zvitanhatu zvidzidzo zvekufamba-famba ndizvo zvinoita kuti ruzivo rwechikwata chepamberi ruve ruzivo rwevanotyairi uye dzinogoverwa mumapoka maviri: static (kana pitot-static) uye zvigadzirwa zvegyroscopic.
Static / Pitot-Static Instruments
- Chiratidzo Chemhepo: Chiratidzo chemhepo chinotaurira mutyairi iyo inoratidzirwa mhepo inopinza mumakumbo (kana mune dzimwe nguva, nhamba yeMac). Mhepo inowanikwa dzimwe nguva inoratidzwawo mune zvechokwadi airspeed, iyo inofanirwa ruzivo rwekugadzira ndege . (Ichokwadi mhepo inofungidzirwa ndiyo inofamba chaiyo ye ndege maererano nemhepo uye yakarongerwa kwekushisa uye kuwanda kwemigumisiro.
Kazhinji kacho kungoita zvishomanana zvakasiyana pane zvinoratidzwa nemhepo mudiki ndege.) Nenzira yakajeka, chiratidzo chema airspeed chinoshanda nekufananidza mhepo yemhepo yakananga kubva pahotot tube kusvika kumhepo yakananga kubva kune imwe kana kupfuura mamwe mabhuku. Iyo diaphragm mukati mechiridzwa chechiridzwa inoderedza kushandiswa kwezvinokonzera uye inoratidzira iyo pachiridzwa chechiridzwa.
Mafungiro emhepo inoratidza mavara akasiyana-siyana kuitira kuti mutyairi awane nyore kutarisa mabhesi akadai seanowanzoshanda maitiro, chironga chekushandisa, uye kurongedza. Zvishoma nezvishoma zvinokurumidza, pamwe chete nezvimwe zvinomhanya zvakakosha (inozivikanwa seV-kasi), zvinoratidzwawo zvakare.
- Altimeter: The altimeter inoratidza kuti ndege yakakwirira yakadzika pamusoro pe MSL ( kureva gungwa remazinga) yakarongedzwa kune kunze kwemhepo inodzvinyirira. Mutyairi wacho anogadzirisa mafungiro akakodzera aripo (nzvimbo yepasi kune avo vanobhururuka pasi pemamiriyoni 18 000) uye altimeter icharatidza kukwirira kwakafanana pamusoro pe MSL.
I-altimeter inoshanda zvakafanana neyomugadziri waro, nekuenzanisa kupinza kwepakati mukati mechisimbiso chinonzi aneroid capsule kune kuwedzera kana kugadziriswa kwemasimba kunopoteredza. Apo ndege iyo inokwira kana ichiburuka, mhepo inomanikidza ichaderera kana kuwedzera, maererano. Iyi kunze kwekumanikidzwa kwemhepo inogara iri kuenzaniswa nekudzvinyirira mukati memapurisa aneroid, uye nerubatsiro rwekubatanidza uye chirevo, iyo yakakwirira inoratidzwa pane chiridzwa chebhendi.
- Vertical Speed Indicator: Vertical speed ndiyo mukana wekukwidza ndege kana kuti kubva, iyo inowanzofananidzirwa mumakumbo paminiti (fpm) pane vertical speed indicator (VSI). Mukufamba kwemauto, IVS sindano inotanidza '0' tsoka.
IVS inoshanda nekuyera uye kuenzanisa kudengenyeka kwepakati mukati memapapule anowedzera kusvibiswa kwemhepo yakadzika kunze kwe capsule. Kushingaira mukati memapsule kunochinja nokukurumidza sezvo ndege iri kukwira kana kuti ichiburuka, asi kuwedzera kwekunze kwe capsule kunochinja zvishoma nezvishoma pamusana pemvura inoputika.
Panguva yekukwira uye kuburuka, iyo capsule inomesa kana kuwedzera, maererano. Izvo zvinopesana zvinokonzerwa uye zvakabatanidzwa neyo pointer, iyo inoratidzwa pane zvishandiso. IVS inokosha mukugadzirisa kana ndege iri kukura kana kuti ichiburuka uye chiyero chekukwira kana kuburuka. Ikoko kunogona kunge kwakanyanyisa mumashoko anotsanangurwa paVSI kana ndege yacho ichitungamirirwa pasina. Mumatambudziko, zviratidzo zvinogona kunge zvisinganzwisisiki.
Gyroscopic Instruments
- Maitiro Chiratidzo: Chiratidziro chemuitiro chinogona kunge chiri chinonyanya kukosha chevatyairi vemotokari. Mukuona kumwe, mutyairi anogona kuziva kana ndege iri kukwira, ichiburuka, ichidzoka kana yakananga uye yakananga. Inopa zviratidzo zvakananga zvekuchinja kune mafungiro nemabhanki. Chiratidzo chemuitiro chinoumberedzwa nechimiro chekufungidzira icho chiri mamiriro ehurukuro duku.
Chimbo chacho chinoreva kuratidzira denga (kazhinji ruvara rwebhuruu muvara) uye pasi (kazhinji maronda), ine ndege duku yakatarwa pamusana pekufungidzira (mutsara wakachena) munharaunda yekuenda. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, ndege huru yakanamatirwa nechombo chekuona chimbo, uye inofamba ne ndege.
Aya maitiro ekugadzira maitiro anobva ku gyroscope uye anoramba akasimirirwa maererano ne-self-erecting gyroscope, iyo "inobata" nzvimbo yaro mukutsanangurira nguva chaiyo. Gyroscope pachayo inogona kunge ichivharidzirwa-inotungamirirwa kana magetsi.
- Chiratidzo Chekufambisa: Chimwe chinhu chakakosha chekufamba , chirevo chinotungamirira chinopa ruzivo rwomutungamiri kune mutyairi akafanana nenzira iyo magnettikoni inoita. Izwi rinotungamira pacharo harisi kutsvaga kuchamhembe asi rinogona kurondedzera musoro wakarurama pazvinopindirana nemagetsi magasi. Chiratidzo chinotungamira chimbo che gyroscopic uye chinogona kuvharidzirwa-chinotungamirirwa kana chinogadziriswa magetsi.
Sezvo ndege iri kudzokera kuruboshwe kana kurudyi, chiratidzo chinotungamira chichashandura kuratidzira musoro mutsva pakati pe zero uye 359 degrees pane kadhi kambasi. Ndege ine ndege duku iri pakati penharaunda uye inotendeuka nemhepo apo gyroscope (uye kuwirirana nekubatana) ishandura kadhi yekambasi pachiridzwa. Muchikamu chekuruboshwe, ndege huru yakaratidzika kuva kuruboshwe apo kadhi yekambasi inotendeuka. - Tora Coordinator: Mutungamiri wehuni ndeimwe chimbo che gyroscopic chinogona kunge chakagadzirwa nemagetsi kana kupisa. Ndicho chimwe chezviridzwa zvakajeka, ine ndege duku iyo inodonha mapapiro ayo nenzira imwe kana imwe kuratidzira muyero wekutendeuka kana kuyerwa kana kuvhara.
Apo mutyairi wengoro anopfuurira ndege kuti iende, ndege ine duku inokurumidza kuratidza rugwaro rwakafanana. Pano pane maikirwo akaiswa pachigadzirwa chakanyatsoratidzwa kuti chiratidze mutengo wakatarwa wegege (360-degree standard-rate turn turn takes two minutes).
Mutungamiri wekutsvaga anowedzerawo inclinometer, iyo bhora rakasimudzirwa mumvura inopinda sependulum panguva yekufambisa ndege. Bhora rinoshanda mukupindura kumhepo uye kuchinja uye icharatidza kurongedzwa kana kusagadzikana. Iyo mutyairi anogona kukwanisa kushandura kusagadzikana kwekutendeuka nekushandiswa kwekufambisa kufamba, kudzivisa kutsemuka kana kuvhara.