Ndeipi Chifeve Chichifungidzirwa "Utsotsi" Muchiuto?
Saka, hupombwe huchiri kukanganisa pasi pedare rekutonga kwechiuto here? Hongu-uye kwete. Ichokwadi kunobva pamamiriro ezvinhu.
Iwe unogona kushamisika kuziva kuti upombwe hahutsanangurwi sechigumbuso muBhuku Rokufananidza reVatongi veHondo (UCMJ). IUCMJ mutemo wezvematongerwo enyika, wakagadzwa neCongress, kuti utonge mutemo wepamutemo uye martial martials kune nhengo dzehondo. Zvinyorwa 77 kusvika ku134 zveUCMJ zvinopindirana ne "kuipa kwezvivi" (izvi ndezvakaipa zvinogona kupomerwa). Hapana chimwe chezvinyorwa izvi chinonyatsotaura nezveupombwe.
Ufeve muhondo hurumende inopomerwa pasi peChitsauko 134, iyo inozivikanwawo se "General General". Chitsauko 134 chinongorambidza mufambiro unhu hwemhando yekuunza kushorwa kune mauto ehondo, kana mufambiro unokanganisa kurongeka uye kurangwa.
IUCMJ inobvumira Mutungamiri weUnited States kuti atungamirire UCMJ nekunyora Mutemo Mukuru, unozivikanwa seBhuku reDare Martial (MCM). MCM inosanganisira UCMJ, uye inowedzera UCMJ nekuisa "Elements of Proof," (chaizvoizvo iyo hurumende inofanirwa * kuratidza kuti inopomerwa mhosva), tsanangudzo yezvakaipa, uye chirango chikuru chinogamuchirwa pamhosva imwe neimwe (pakati pezvimwe zvinhu ).
Kunyange zvazvo MCM iri Mutemo Mukuru, yakagadzwa naMutungamiri wenyika, chokwadi, zvizhinji zvezviri mukati maro ndezvikonzero zvezvisarudzo zvemauto nepamutemo zvekukumbira kumatare.
Chimwe chezvinhu izvo MCM inoita ndeyokuwedzera nenyaya 134 mune zvakasiyana-siyana "zvinyorwa." Chimwe che "sub-articles" chinosanganisira mhosva yeupombwe ( Chitsauko 134, ndima 62 ).
Upombwe, sechikonzero chehondo, zvakaoma kutsinhira (nemutemo) nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakawanda.
Kune zvitatu "Zvikamu zveUpupuriro" nokuda kwechivi cheUfeve muHondo:
- Kuti uyo akapomerwa mhosva akaita zvepabonde nemumwe munhu;
- Izvozvo, nenguva iyo, akapomerwa kana mumwe munhu akaroora kune mumwe munhu; and
- Izvo, pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu, mufambiro weaipomerwa waiva kune kusarura kwekurongeka kwakanaka uye kurangwa mumauto akazvigadzirira kana zvaive zvechimiro chekuunza kuzvidza kune mauto ehondo.
Element # 2 inowanzova nyore nyore kuti hurumende izviratidze. Iko kune nguva yakawanda uchapupu hunonyora hwakakwana hunoratidza kuti kana mumwe munhu akaroorwa nemutemo here kana kuti kwete. (Vanhu vakawanda vachashamiswa kuziva kuti muhondo, munhu mumwe chete anogona kutongerwa mhosva yeupombwe ).
Element # 1 inogona kuva yakaoma kwazvo kuratidza. Yeuka, dare rematare (sematare ehurumende) rinoda * uchapupu * kunze kwekusava nechokwadi kwakakosha. Uchapupu hwehupombwe hunoda mapikicha, kureurura kweimwe yemapati akabatanidzwa, eye-chapupu, kana humwe uchapupu hunogamuchirwa pamutemo. (Kungotaura kuti mumwe munhu akagara pane imwe imba, kana kuti akarara navo mubhedha rimwe chete haisi uchapupu hwepabonde.
Element # 3, muzviitiko zvakawanda, inogona kuva chinhu chakaoma kwazvo kuratidza. Hurumende inofanira kuratidzira kuti mufambiro weumwe munhu wakanga usina kukanganisa zvakananga kuhondo. Izvi zvinowanzobatanidza zviitiko zvekubatana (mukuru wehurumende uye akanyorerwa) kana ukama nemumwe nhengo yeuto, kana mumwe weuto weuto.
Vamwe venyu vangayeuka kereke yakakurumbira yaLt Kelly Flynn yemakore mashomanana kumashure. Lt. Kelly Flynn waiva mutyairi wekutanga weHome B-52 . Zvinosuruvarisa, Lt. Flynn akanga ari mukuru asina kuroora uyo aiva nehukama nevakaroorana vehurumende. Lt. Flynn akakurudzirwa neChishanu Sergeant, uye gare gare akarairwa neMukuru wake, kuti agadzirise nyaya yacho. Akaputsa naye "mukomana," asi gare gare vakadzoka pamwe chete, uye-pavakabvunzwa nezvazvo - Lt. Flynn vakareva nhema. Lt. Flynn akazopomerwa mhosva yeupombwe, kupa chirevo chepamutemo chepamutemo, kutungamira kusaremekedza mukuru wehurumende , uye kusateerera mutemo wepamusoro mukuru mukuru.
Saka, kupi kwaive "kushandiswa kwemauto" kwemhosva yeupombwe? Zvakanaka, vehurumende "mukomana," aiva murume webasa rakashanda rakanyorerwa nhengo yeHome Force , yakagadzirirwa pachigaro chakafanana naLt Flynn. Nokudaro, "chiitiko" chaLt. Flynn chakanga chisina kukanganisa zvakashata pamusangano wechiuto chebasa iri (mudzimai akanyorwa ndiye ndiye akambonyunyuta nezvezviito zvisina kukodzera zvaLt Flynn).
Lt. Flynn haana kutarisana nedare remauto, zvisinei; iye akabvumidzwa kusiya basa rake panzvimbo yematare edzimhosva (zvakawanda zvemashoko zvichida zvakange zvine chimwe chinhu chingaita nechisarudzo ichi neA Air Force).
Muna 1998, Clinton Administration yakanyorera kuBhuku reMatare-Kurwisana, izvo zvakapa kuti zviitiko zveupombwe zviitwe pane imwe nzvimbo yakaderera zvakakwana, uye zvakapa mazano chaiwo kuvatungamiriri kuti vashandise kuitira kuti vaone kana kuti kwete mutevedzeri wehutsika "kukanganisa kurongeka kwakanaka uye kurangwa," kana "zvechimiro chinounza kuzvidza kune mauto ehondo." Kunyange zvazvo Mutungamiri ane kodzero yekubudisa shanduko ku MCM, izvi zvakaguma nekupopotera uye kudanidzira kubva kuCongress uye zvakabva zvadonhedzwa.
Zvisinei, mukufamba kwakanyarara, muna 2002, Mutungamiri Bush akagamuchira zvizhinji zvekuchinja kwakaitwa naVaMugabe Clinton. Mukuwedzera kune Zvekare zveUyeuchidzo, "iyo" Tsanangudzo "chikamu chiri pasi pechivi ichi zvino inoda kuti vatungamiri vatarise zvinhu zvakasiyana kana vachiona kana mhosva ye" ufeve "inomhosva.
Ndisati ndakurukura zvinhu izvi, zvakakosha kunzwisisa basa rekuraira mukuru muhurumende yekutonga mhosva yechiuto . Munyika isina vanhu, kana kwete chiitiko chinofanirwa kutongerwa semhosva kune Dare reDare reDare (DA). Somuenzaniso, muguta rokumusha kwandakakurira, mutengesi wemakore makumi manomwe ane makore makumi mana, akawana pfuti ndokubva atora zvishomanana kune mbavha sezvo gororo rakaedza kuendesa. Uyu "uipi" pasi pemutemo. Haisi "kuzvidzivirira," sezvo gororo rakanga rava kutotyaira panguva iyoyo, uye mutengesi akanga asina chikonzero chekutya hupenyu hwake, panguva yaakazopfura. Pasi pemutemo, mutengesi angadai akatongerwa mhosva dzakawanda, kubva pakusunungurwa kwemutemo kusina mutemo mukati memuganhu weguta, kuedza kuuraya. Zvisinei, pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu, DA yakaramba kupomera. Dhiyabhorosi akafunga kuti nemhaka yezera ravatengesi, nhoroondo yezvakapambwa zvekare, uye nharo inofadza iye haana kurova ani zvake, kuti kupomerwa kwakanga kusiri kune zvakakosha munharaunda.
MuHondo, basa reDA rinoitwa nemukuru wevakuru, mushure mekubvunzurudzwa neMutongi Advocate General (JAG) . Haasi JAG uyo anosarudza kuti ndiani uye haasi kupomerwa mhosva kune Mutoja (iye / anongopa zano). Ndiyo mutungamiri anoita sarudzo yekupedzisira. Iye zvino hazvireve kuti DA kana mutungamiri wehurumende ane kodzero yekutonga. Dhiyabhorosi ndiye ane mhosva yezvisarudzo kune vashandi vake (zvichida vanhu vakavasarudza kuti vave vashandi, kana musarudzo akasarudzwa akavasarudza, zvichienderana nekugara kwauri), uye mukuru wevakuru veGondo ane mhosva kune iye bhosi (akakwirira vakuru vatungamiri vatungamiri mumaketani emurairo).
Zviitiko Zvinotungamirira Mahofisi Zvinodiwa Kufunga
Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro apa, Bhuku reKurongwa-Kurwisana ikozvino rinoda vatungamiri vatungamiri kuti vafunge zvimwe zvikonzero kana vachiona kana kuti kwete upombwe huri kukanganisa zvakasimba zveuto, uye kunofanirwa kuonekwa semhosva:
- Mamiriro ehutano hwemhosva, mauto ehondo , grade, kana nzvimbo.
- Mamiriro ekuroorana yemuyanisi, mauto ehondo, grade, uye nzvimbo, kana ukama kune mauto .
- Nzvimbo yehondo yemudzimai waakapomerwa kana mudzimai wekodhi, kana ukama hwavo nemauto ehondo.
Kana mukuru mukuru wemauto akadai seMutungamiriri weWing, kana Mutungamiri weBatloni ari nechokuita, izvi zvinowanzova nechinokanganisa chaicho kuMasoja (maonero evanhu-akachenjera) kunze kwekuti kana vaviri-vakarova vane nyaya. Kana Sachigaro we Joint Chief of Staff (aine nyanzvi 4-nyanzvi) akabatwa ane nhau, inogona kunge iri paFox News, CNN, uye inotungamirirwa mumapepanhau makuru anenge pakarepo. Kana ivo vaviri-vakagumburwa vakabatwa vane hukama, zvingangodaro hazvikwanisi kunyange kutenderera imwe mutsara mupepanhau reko.
Kana nyaya iyi inosanganisira vaviri veMasvingo (kunyanya kana vari muchitinho chimwe chete), izvi zvinogona kunge zvisina kukanganisa zvakanyanya kune veMasoja kunze kwekuti kana munhu wemauto ane hukama nevevanhu vasina hukama neHondo. Kana nyaya yacho inosanganisira kuwedzera kwekupomerwa kwehukama , izvi zvingangodaro zvingave zvakakanganisika kuMasoja.
- Zvinokonzera, kana ipo, yeukama hweupombwe pamusoro pekukwanisa kweanopomerwa, mubatanidza, kana kuti mudzimai wekuti angaita mabasa avo kutsigira mauto.
Apo ini ndaiva wekutanga Sergeant paEdwards Air Force Base, ndakapindura kune mhirizhonga yemhuri pakati pevanhu vaviri vakaroorana vehondo , vose vakagoverwa kuuto rangu. Ikoko kwakanga kusingaonekwi kuti kune chisimba chakabatanidzwa, uye-sezvo vasina kuda kunditaurira chaizvo izvo zvakakakavhiringidzika pamusoro-ndakasarudza kuisa nhengo yevarume muimba yekugara kwemazuva mashomanana, kuti ndivape iyo "kunonoka" nguva.
Pamwe manheru masikati, ndakagamuchira runhare kubva kuHarare Forces (Air Force "Cops"), avo vakati vaizopindura kumusha wangu nokuti vakagamuchira foni kuti kwaive nemukadzi ari munzvimbo yekupaka nepfuti, achidanidzira. Sezvarinosvika (iwe wakazvifungidzira), yakanga iri nhengo yekadzi. Sezviri pachena, chikonzero chekukakavadzana ndechokuti akawana kuti murume wake aive nehukama neimwe nhengo yeMasoja. Zvinosuruvarisa, iyo imwe nhengo yakaitika kuti igare muimba imwechete iyo ndakasunungura nhengo yevarume kupinda. Mhedziso yekuti iri muchivako chakafanana pamwe chete yakamuita kuti "asvike." Akabuda (nepfuti) achivatarisa (akaonga, haana kumbovawana, uye pfuti haina kutakurwa). Muzvimwe zviitiko, zvakachengeteka kutaura kuti chiitiko chechifeve chechikomana chaicho chakakanganisa zvakakwana kukwanisa kwechikadzi kuita mabasa ake.
- Kushandiswa zvisina kunaka, kana kuripo, kwehurumende nguva uye zvigadzirwa zvekuita basa rekuita.
Pane imwe nguva (zvakare kuEdwards Air Force Base), ndakagamuchira pa10: 00 masikati foni kubva kune mumwe murume anotsamwiswa weimwe nhengo dzakagoverwa ku squadron yangu. Akati aifunga kuti murume wake aiva nehukama, saka akamutevera usiku ihwohwo sezvaaifamba achienda kunhandare bowling, akatora musikana wechidiki ndokubva aenda kuimba yechikwata.
Ndakamhanyira kune squadron ndikaenda kune chikamu chebasa remuteveri. Ndichishandisa tenzi wangu kiyi, ndakanyarara ndakazarura musuo uye-zvakanaka, iwe unowana mufananidzo. Zviri pachena kuti sarudzo iyi yemujeri wekuenda kunobata mabasa ake oupombwe yaiva kuputsa kwakakwana kweiyo mitemo.
- Pasinei nokuti mufambiro wakaramba uchiri pasinei nekupa mazano kana kuraira kurega; iyo yakajeka yehufambiro, zvakadai sokunge chero hunozivikanwa huchiendeswa; uye kana chiito cheupombwe chakanga chiri pamwe chete nokuputsika kweUCMJ.
Muhuwandu hwemhosva, kana mutungamiri mukuru anowana ruzivo rwekuti nhengo iri, kana kuti inogona kunge yakabatanidzwa mune zveupombwe, mutungamiri anoedza kugadzirisa mamiriro acho nekupa mazano nhengo yacho. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kupa mazano kunoenderana nehurongwa hwepamutemo kuti urege kuzoita upombwe. Kana iyo nhengo iyo inoteerera, ndiyo inowanzoguma mugadziro. Yeuka Lt. Kelly Flynn mhosva - Mutungamiri wekutanga uye mutungamiri akaedza kugadzirisa mamiriro acho nekupa mazano uye chirongwa chokugumisa ukama. Dai Lt Flynn achiteerera, angave ari mukuru mukuru muMhepo yeMweya kusvikira nhasi. Asi, haana kuteerera mutemo, achiputsa Chikamu 90 cheUCMJ, ndokubva ataura nhema pamusoro pazvo, kupesana neChitsauko 107 .
- Kukanganisa kwakaipa kwekuzvibata kune zvikwata kana masangano eanopomerwa, mubatanidzwa wehutano kana mudzimai weumwe wavo, zvakadai sekunokanganisa chikwata kana sangano rakanaka, kushanda pamwe, nekugadzirisa.
Chinhu chisina kuchena choupombwe kuti hakuna munhu anoziva pamusoro pacho hazvizove nechinetso chisina kunaka pamubato (s) emapoka anobatanidzwa. Kune rumwe rutivi, kana "munhu wose" ari muchikwata "anoziva" pamusoro pacho (kufanana ne "chero nyaya" yehofisi "), inogona kukonzera kukanganisa nekutsamwa mukati memubatanidzwa.
Imwe nguva, pavakagoverwa seChishanu Sergeti ye Air Air F-15 kuBitburg Air Base muGermany, boka redu revanhu rakatumirwa TDY (Temporary Duty) kwevhiki mbiri kuenda kuNellis AFB (Las Vegas) kuzopinda mu "Red" gore negore Flag "flying exercise. Inenge hafu-nzira kuburikidza neTDY, ndakatora runyerekupe kuti pamusangano wepasi-rekutanga musi weChishanu manheru, imwe nyanzvi yekuvhima yemadzimai maviri uye yakaroorwa (mutungamiri mukuru) mutyairi wengarava akaonekwa achitamba zvakanaka " rinorema "mune imwe kona yebhari iyo pakaitika mutambo. "Munhu wese aiziva" chii chingave chikaitika usiku ihwohwo apo vaviri vacho vakabva mubati.
Pandakanzwa runyerekupe, ndakatsanangurira mutungamiri mukuru, uye akarayira mutyairi wacho, ini ndiine hurukuro kune nhengo yakanyorerwa. Takanga tisina "uchapupu" hwokuti kuita zvepabonde kwakaitika, asi taida kupedza mamiriro acho ezvinhu muHut. Kune zvese zvinoratidza, nyaya yacho (kana iripo) yakaguma pakarepo. Zvisinei, patakadzokera kumusha wepamba, runyerekuro rwakaramba rwuripo. Kana avo vaviri-vakapwanya vakanyemwerera kune mutyairi paaifamba, iyo nzvimbo dzaive dzakazara nokunyunyuta. Kana zvaiita sokuti mutyairi wacho akapedza nguva yakawandisa mubasa rebasa (apo airman aishanda) achitarisa pamusoro pemazuva ose ekufamba ndege, vanozevezera vachatanga zvakare.
Rimwe zuva vanyongeri vaipinda munzeve dzomudzimai wechikoro uye akapfuurira runyerekupe kumukuru weWing (asi, zvirokwazvo "haana kuveveza"). Ndizvo apo zvinhu zvose zvinokanganisa chirevo chemufananidzo. Kunyange zvazvo mhosva ye "ufeve" isina mhosva (hapana nzira yokuratidza kuti kuita zvepabonde chaiyo kwakange kwaitika), mutyairi wacho akagamuchira Chigumisi 15 chekugadzirisa (kusaita kwakanaka kune nhengo yakatumirwa), iyo yakawanda kwazvo yakapedza basa rake. Nhengo iyo yakanyorerwa yakanyarara yakakumbira kubudiswa, uye yakagamuchirwa nyore (yakagamuchira "kuronga" kubuda).
- Kunyangwe munhu akapomerwa kana mushandi wepamberi akaparadzaniswa pamutemo ; and
- Pasinei nokuti ufeve hune ufeve hunosanganisira hukama huripo kana huchangobva kuitika kana huri kure munguva.
Muzviitiko zvizhinji, vakuru vakuru havasi kuzova vose vane hanya neukama hwepabonde hunoitika mushure mokunge nhengo yaparadzaniswa zviri pamutemo kubva kune mumwe wake, kunze kwekuti iri nyaya inosanganisira imwe nzira yakashata yakananga kuMasoja, sekubatana. Uyezve, vatungamiri havasi kuzove vose vane hanya nezvinopikisa kuti nhengo yaive nehupombwe pane imwe nguva munguva yakapfuura.
Zvose izvi zvinoreva kuti zviitiko zvakawanda zve "ufeve" hazvifaniri kutorwa se "chirwere" chinopomerwa muuto, kunze kwekuti mukuru wevakuru anoona kuti kune rumwe rudzi rwekukanganisa zvakashata kune zvehondo. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, nyaya yacho inogadziriswa zvakanakisisa mumatare ehurumende (kurambana), sezvinongoita vanhu vasiri vanhu.
Munyika isina vanhu, zviri nyore kutsvaga maDA "anorema" pakutsinhira mamwe marudzi emhosva mune imwe simba kupfuura imwe. Semuenzaniso, maDAs muNebraska vanogona kubata kubata mbanje nemaonero akaoma kudarika maDaily muCalifornia. MuMasoja, vatungamiri vatungamiri mumitemo yakasiyana-siyana vanowanzosiyana kana vachifunga nezvemamiriro ezvinhu ari pamusoro apa. Vamwe vatungamiri vanogona kupa mamiriro acho ehurukuro kupfuura vamwe. Uyezve, vanhu vazhinji muMasoja (kusanganisira vakuru vakuru vakuru), vanofunga kuti, seupombwe haisi mhosva kune hupenyu hwevanhu (inobatwa nematare edzimhosva, kwete madare edzimhosva), saka inofanira kunge iri muchiuto.
Muhupenyu hwangu, upombwe hunenge husina kutongopomerwa se "chimiro choga" kupara mhosva muChitsauko 15 kana Dare-Martial actions. Inowanzowedzerwa pane zvakanyorwa pamhosva, kana chete iyo nhengo iri kutotanga kupomerwa kune imwe kana mamwe mimwe mhosva yepamhosva. Semuenzaniso, kana mutungamiri akasarudza kutsinhira mumiririri wevarwi veMuto wekupara mhosva yekunyora zvakaipa checks, uye kuongorora kwakaratidza kuti nhengo yacho yakanyora cheki kuitira kuti atore pane imwe hotera kuti ave nehukama nomumwe munhu, mutungamiriri angasarudza "kutora" mutoro weupombwe kune urongwa hwehuipi hunoshandiswa mhosva.
Izvi hazvirevi, zvisinei, kuti nhengo dzemasoja dzakasununguka kuti dzigadzikane neavo chavanoda. Vatungamiri vane njere dzakawanda pazvinosvika pakugadzirisa maitirwo emitemo, uye maitiro ekutungamirira (akadai sekutuka, kukanganisa kwekutsvaga, maitiro ekutaura kwehutano, nezvimwewo) haasi kutungamirirwa nemitemo yakasimba yepamutemo yeUCMJ kana Bhuku reMatare-Martial .
Kana nyaya yacho yakagadziriswa uchishandisa mitemo iri pasi peChitsauko 15 kana kutongerwa hutungamiri, zviito zvinodzivirirwa pasi peChinyorwa Chebhuku ra194. Inongova nyaya yeruzhinji kana munhu wacho ari kurangwa neKurts-Martial. Pasi peMutemo weChinyorwa, vatungamiri vekuraira vanorambidzwa, neDare reMutemo, kuti vaudze chero Chitsauko 15 kana maitiro ekutungamirira, pasina kubvumirana, kubvumwa kwakanyorwa kweMutevedzeri weMasoja. Nokudaro, zvinokwanisika kuti nhengo yacho ichange "ichirangwa," nekuita upombwe, uye mudzimai anonyunyuta haazombozvizivi.
Zvimwe Nezvekurambana Kwechiuto Nokuparadzanisa
- Chii Chinoitika Panguva Yokurambana Kwechiuto Kana Kuparadzana?
- Ndezvepi Mumiririri Wekubhadhara Mumiririri Wemauto Anoparadzana Mushure mekurambana?
- Congressional Kudzivirirwa Kwevashumiri nevakadzi
- Dzimba Rezvemhosva Dzemasvingo uye Imba Yenhoroondo
- Ndinobhadhara Izvo Zvangu Chikamu Chekubhadhara Kwangu Kubhadharwa?