Gore ra2014 Scotus Hobby Lobby Chisarudzo uye 9 Mimwe Mitemo Inokuvadza Vakadzi
Mitemo yakawanda yakagadziriswa pakati pe1769 na2014 yakanyatsosimbiswa kukanganisa vakadzi kodzero nemikana muhupenyu uye kubasa. Vamwe vakangoerekana vaita izvozvo. Mazhinji emitemo iyi kubvira panguva yakatongerwa kusagadziriswa kwepamutemo, asi zvakakosha kunzwisisa kuti kodzero dzevakadzi dziri kumabasa dzakasvika sei uye kuti mitemo mitsva inoenderera sei kudzvinyirira kodzero dzevakadzi.
01 1769: Vakadzi Vanorega Kuzvidzivirira Muwanano
02 1777: Kodzero dzekuvhota dzakabviswa
Muna 1777, mitemo yakapfuudzwa nehurumende yose inorambidza vakadzi vose kuti vasavhota musarudzo.
03 1866: Kodzero dzeVhoti uye Vagari Vanorondedzerwa seVarume
Congress yakapfuura 14th Amendment muna 1866, ichirondedzera kuti vamiriri vehurumende vanogadzwa sei nenhamba yevhoti. Ichishandurwa chinonzi "vhoti" uye vagari "kuti vaverengwe se" murume. "
04 1873: Vakadzi Vakadziviswa Kubata Mutemo
Muna 1873 Bradwell v. Illinois sarudzo, 83 US 130, Dare Repamusorosoro reUnited States rakabvumira kuti nyika idzivise vakadzi vanoita mutemo.
05 1875: Kamwezve, Kodzero dzekuvhota Dzinorehwa nevakadzi
Dare Repamusorosoro reUnited States rakazivisa vakadzi sevanhu asi se "vasiri vhodhi" munharaunda yayo 1875 Minor v Happersett chisarudzo , 88 US 162. Izvi zvingadaro zvakapa vakadzi kodzero dzekuroorana uye zvimwe zvirongwa, asi vakaramba vachirambidzwa kodzero yekuvhota .
06 1908: Vakadzi Vane Zvishoma Mazuva Okushanda Kupfuura Varume
Muna 1908, Dare Repamusorosoro reUnited States rakapa mutemo mukuda mitemo yeOregon iyo inogadzirisa vakadzi kumazuva gumi ekushanda. Muller v State of Oregon , 208 US 412, yaireva kuti vakadzi vane muviri husina simba kupfuura varume.
07 1924: New York Vakamira Vanofanira Kushanda Zuva Rokuchinja
Muna 1924, mitemo yakapfuudzwa inorambidza vakadzi kuti vashandise usiku kuchinja mumaresitorendi nemakwikwi kunze kwevakadzi vevasikana vekugezera kana sevatengesi.
08 1932: Mutemo wokusimbisa vakadzi kubva kunze kwehurumende mabasa
Mutemo weNational Recovery Act wakagadzwa muna 1932. Mutemo uyu wakarambidza nhengo imwechete yemhuri kubva kubasa rehurumende, uye yakabudirira pakubvisa vakadzi vebasa vakanga vazadza mabasa akawanda apo varume vairwisana muHondo Yenyika II. Sezvo varume vakadzokera kumabasa ehurumende, vakadzi vakadzingwa.
09 1981: Vakadzi Havakwanisi Kugadzirwa
Muna 1981, Dare Repamusorosoro reUnited States rakapa mutongo kuti kusabatanidzwa nevakadzi kubva mubumbiro rezvemitemo kwaiva kwepamutemo.
10 2014: Vakadzi Vakaramba Kufikira Kuzvarwa Kwepiritsi
MuBurwell v. Hobby Lobby , Dare Repamusorosoro rakatonga 5-4 mukufarira Hobby Lobby muna 2014, zvichibvumira vashandi-vashandi kuti varambe kupa zvipatara pasi peObamacare kana vakataura zvikonzero zvezvitendero zvekuita kudaro. Kudyarwa kwepiritsi, iyo nzira inotengeswa yekubata pamuviri, inoshandiswawo kubata zvirwere zvakakomba zvehutano zvinotambudzwa nemamiriyoni evakadzi.
Mutongi Ruth Ginsburg akapesana. Zvimwe zvemashoko ake anokosha pamusoro pokuti nei akanzwa zvakasimba pamusoro pechisarudzo ichi zvinogona kuva nemigumisiro yakareba zvikuru:
"Kubvumirana nedzidziso dzechitendero kana uchiona vamwe vasina kukodzera yekugara kunogona kuonekwa sechichida chitendero chimwe pamusoro peumwe, iyo inopedzisira yaita kuti [[Constitution] Establishment Clause yakagadzirirwa kudzivisa."
"Masangano ezvitendero aripo kuti akurudzire zvinodiwa nevanhu vanobhadhara kune chitendero chechitendero chimwe chete." Hazviiti zvakadaro kune-profit corporations.Vashandi vanotsigira kushanda kwemasangano aya kazhinji havasi kunobva kune imwe nzvimbo yechitendero. "
"Kuregererwa kunotsvakwa neHobby Lobby neConestoga kwaizoramba ... mauto evakadzi vasingatendi zvavanotenda zvavanogona kuwana pakudzivirira kubata pamuviri."